The Senses
感官
Sensation is the process by which physical energy from objects in the world or in the body stimulates the sense organs. The brain interprets and organizes this sensory information in a process called Perception. Psychophysics is the study of how the physical properties of stimuli relate to people’s experience of stimuli. Research in psychophysics has revealed much information about the acuity of the senses.
感覺是世界上或體內物體的物理能量刺激感覺器官的過程。大腦在一個叫做感知的過程中解釋和組織這些感覺信息。心理物理學就是研究刺激的物理特性如何與人們對刺激的體驗相聯繫的學科。心理物理學的研究揭示了許多關於感官敏銳性的信息。
The Senses
感官
Sensation is the process by which physical energy from objects in the world or in the body stimulates the sense organs. The brain interprets and organizes this sensory information in a process called Perception. Psychophysics is the study of how the physical properties of stimuli relate to people’s experience of stimuli. Research in psychophysics has revealed much information about the acuity of the senses.
感覺是世界上或體內物體的物理能量刺激感覺器官的過程。大腦在一個叫做感知的過程中解釋和組織這些感覺信息。心理物理學就是研究刺激的物理特性如何與人們對刺激的體驗相聯繫的學科。心理物理學的研究揭示了許多關於感官敏銳性的信息。
Measuring the Senses
測量感官
Psychologists assess the acuity of the senses in three ways:
Measuring the absolute threshold
Measuring the difference threshold
Applying signal detection theory
心理學家通過三種方式評估感官的敏銳度:
•測量絕對閾值
•測量閾值
•應用信號檢測理論的區別
The Senses
感官
Sensation is the process by which physical energy from objects in the world or in the body stimulates the sense organs. The brain interprets and organizes this sensory information in a process called Perception. Psychophysics is the study of how the physical properties of stimuli relate to people’s experience of stimuli. Research in psychophysics has revealed much information about the acuity of the senses.
感覺是世界上或體內物體的物理能量刺激感覺器官的過程。大腦在一個叫做感知的過程中解釋和組織這些感覺信息。心理物理學就是研究刺激的物理特性如何與人們對刺激的體驗相聯繫的學科。心理物理學的研究揭示了許多關於感官敏銳性的信息。
Measuring the Senses
測量感官
Psychologists assess the acuity of the senses in three ways:
Measuring the absolute threshold
Measuring the difference threshold
Applying signal detection theory
心理學家通過三種方式評估感官的敏銳度:
•測量絕對閾值
•測量閾值
•應用信號檢測理論的區別
The Absolute Threshold is the minimum amount of stimulation required for a person to detect the stimulus 50 percent of the time. The Difference Threshold is the smallest difference in stimulation that can be detected 50 percent of the time. The difference threshold is sometimes called the Just Noticeable Difference (Jnd), and it depends on the strength of the stimulus.
絕對閾值是一個人在50%的時間裡檢測到刺激所需的最小刺激量。差異閾值是刺激的最小差異，可以檢測到50%的時間。差異閾值有時被稱為剛剛明顯的差異(Jnd)，它取決於刺激的強度。
Example:
舉例：
If someone were comparing two weak stimuli, such as two very slightly sweet liquids, he’d be able to detect quite a small difference in the amount of sweetness. However, if he were comparing two intense stimuli, such as two extremely sweet liquids, he could detect only a much bigger difference in the amount of sweetness.
如果有人比較兩種微弱的刺激，比如兩種非常輕微的甜味液體，他就能發現甜味的量有相當小的差別。然而，如果他比較兩種強烈的刺激，比如兩種非常甜的液體，他只能發現甜味的量有更大的不同。
The Senses
感官
Sensation is the process by which physical energy from objects in the world or in the body stimulates the sense organs. The brain interprets and organizes this sensory information in a process called Perception. Psychophysics is the study of how the physical properties of stimuli relate to people’s experience of stimuli. Research in psychophysics has revealed much information about the acuity of the senses.
感覺是世界上或體內物體的物理能量刺激感覺器官的過程。大腦在一個叫做感知的過程中解釋和組織這些感覺信息。心理物理學就是研究刺激的物理特性如何與人們對刺激的體驗相聯繫的學科。心理物理學的研究揭示了許多關於感官敏銳性的信息。
Measuring the Senses
測量感官
Psychologists assess the acuity of the senses in three ways:
Measuring the absolute threshold
Measuring the difference threshold
Applying signal detection theory
心理學家通過三種方式評估感官的敏銳度:
•測量絕對閾值
•測量閾值
•應用信號檢測理論的區別
The Absolute Threshold is the minimum amount of stimulation required for a person to detect the stimulus 50 percent of the time. The Difference Threshold is the smallest difference in stimulation that can be detected 50 percent of the time. The difference threshold is sometimes called the Just Noticeable Difference (Jnd), and it depends on the strength of the stimulus.
絕對閾值是一個人在50%的時間裡檢測到刺激所需的最小刺激量。差異閾值是刺激的最小差異，可以檢測到50%的時間。差異閾值有時被稱為剛剛明顯的差異(Jnd)，它取決於刺激的強度。
Example:
舉例：
If someone were comparing two weak stimuli, such as two very slightly sweet liquids, he’d be able to detect quite a small difference in the amount of sweetness. However, if he were comparing two intense stimuli, such as two extremely sweet liquids, he could detect only a much bigger difference in the amount of sweetness.
如果有人比較兩種微弱的刺激，比如兩種非常輕微的甜味液體，他就能發現甜味的量有相當小的差別。然而，如果他比較兩種強烈的刺激，比如兩種非常甜的液體，他只能發現甜味的量有更大的不同。
Weber’s Law
韋伯定律
Nineteenth-century psychologist Ernst Weber proposed a principle demonstrating the fact that we can’t detect the difference between two stimuli unless they differ by a certain proportion and that this proportion is constant. In other words, the just noticeable difference for a stimulus is in a fixed proportion to the magnitude of a stimulus. Weber’s Law holds true except in the most extreme kinds of stimulation.
19世紀的心理學家恩斯特·韋伯提出了一個原理，證明了這樣一個事實:除非兩種刺激有一定的比例不同，否則我們無法檢測出它們之間的區別，而且這個比例是恆定的。換句話說，刺激的唯一顯著區別是刺激的大小與刺激的大小成一定比例。韋伯定律適用於除最極端的刺激之外的所有情況。
The Senses
感官
Sensation is the process by which physical energy from objects in the world or in the body stimulates the sense organs. The brain interprets and organizes this sensory information in a process called Perception. Psychophysics is the study of how the physical properties of stimuli relate to people’s experience of stimuli. Research in psychophysics has revealed much information about the acuity of the senses.
感覺是世界上或體內物體的物理能量刺激感覺器官的過程。大腦在一個叫做感知的過程中解釋和組織這些感覺信息。心理物理學就是研究刺激的物理特性如何與人們對刺激的體驗相聯繫的學科。心理物理學的研究揭示了許多關於感官敏銳性的信息。
Measuring the Senses
測量感官
Psychologists assess the acuity of the senses in three ways:
Measuring the absolute threshold
Measuring the difference threshold
Applying signal detection theory
心理學家通過三種方式評估感官的敏銳度:
•測量絕對閾值
•測量閾值
•應用信號檢測理論的區別
The Absolute Threshold is the minimum amount of stimulation required for a person to detect the stimulus 50 percent of the time. The Difference Threshold is the smallest difference in stimulation that can be detected 50 percent of the time. The difference threshold is sometimes called the Just Noticeable Difference (Jnd), and it depends on the strength of the stimulus.
絕對閾值是一個人在50%的時間裡檢測到刺激所需的最小刺激量。差異閾值是刺激的最小差異，可以檢測到50%的時間。差異閾值有時被稱為剛剛明顯的差異(Jnd)，它取決於刺激的強度。
Example:
舉例：
If someone were comparing two weak stimuli, such as two very slightly sweet liquids, he’d be able to detect quite a small difference in the amount of sweetness. However, if he were comparing two intense stimuli, such as two extremely sweet liquids, he could detect only a much bigger difference in the amount of sweetness.
如果有人比較兩種微弱的刺激，比如兩種非常輕微的甜味液體，他就能發現甜味的量有相當小的差別。然而，如果他比較兩種強烈的刺激，比如兩種非常甜的液體，他只能發現甜味的量有更大的不同。
Weber’s Law
韋伯定律
Nineteenth-century psychologist Ernst Weber proposed a principle demonstrating the fact that we can’t detect the difference between two stimuli unless they differ by a certain proportion and that this proportion is constant. In other words, the just noticeable difference for a stimulus is in a fixed proportion to the magnitude of a stimulus. Weber’s Law holds true except in the most extreme kinds of stimulation.
19世紀的心理學家恩斯特·韋伯提出了一個原理，證明了這樣一個事實:除非兩種刺激有一定的比例不同，否則我們無法檢測出它們之間的區別，而且這個比例是恆定的。換句話說，刺激的唯一顯著區別是刺激的大小與刺激的大小成一定比例。韋伯定律適用於除最極端的刺激之外的所有情況。
The Senses
感官
Researchers use Signal Detection Theory to predict when a weak signal will be detected. This theory considers the fact that the ability to detect a signal depends not only on the strength of the signal but also on the perceiver’s experience, motivation, expectation, and degree of alertness. Different people respond differently to the same signal, and the same person may detect a particular signal at one time but not another. Furthermore, people can often detect one type of signal in a sensory modality such as hearing or vision but be oblivious to other types of signals in the same sensory modality.
研究人員利用信號檢測理論來預測微弱信號何時會被檢測到。該理論認為，感知信號的能力不僅取決於信號的強度，還取決於感知者的經驗、動機、期望和警覺性。不同的人對相同的信號有不同的反應，同一個人可能在同一時間檢測到一個特定的信號，而不是在另一個時間。此外，人們常常可以在聽覺或視覺等感覺形態中檢測到一種類型的信號，但對同一感覺形態中的其他類型的信號卻渾然不覺。
The Senses
感官
Sensation is the process by which physical energy from objects in the world or in the body stimulates the sense organs. The brain interprets and organizes this sensory information in a process called Perception. Psychophysics is the study of how the physical properties of stimuli relate to people’s experience of stimuli. Research in psychophysics has revealed much information about the acuity of the senses.
感覺是世界上或體內物體的物理能量刺激感覺器官的過程。大腦在一個叫做感知的過程中解釋和組織這些感覺信息。心理物理學就是研究刺激的物理特性如何與人們對刺激的體驗相聯繫的學科。心理物理學的研究揭示了許多關於感官敏銳性的信息。
Measuring the Senses
測量感官
Psychologists assess the acuity of the senses in three ways:
Measuring the absolute threshold
Measuring the difference threshold
Applying signal detection theory
心理學家通過三種方式評估感官的敏銳度:
•測量絕對閾值
•測量閾值
•應用信號檢測理論的區別
The Absolute Threshold is the minimum amount of stimulation required for a person to detect the stimulus 50 percent of the time. The Difference Threshold is the smallest difference in stimulation that can be detected 50 percent of the time. The difference threshold is sometimes called the Just Noticeable Difference (Jnd), and it depends on the strength of the stimulus.
絕對閾值是一個人在50%的時間裡檢測到刺激所需的最小刺激量。差異閾值是刺激的最小差異，可以檢測到50%的時間。差異閾值有時被稱為剛剛明顯的差異(Jnd)，它取決於刺激的強度。
Example:
舉例：
If someone were comparing two weak stimuli, such as two very slightly sweet liquids, he’d be able to detect quite a small difference in the amount of sweetness. However, if he were comparing two intense stimuli, such as two extremely sweet liquids, he could detect only a much bigger difference in the amount of sweetness.
如果有人比較兩種微弱的刺激，比如兩種非常輕微的甜味液體，他就能發現甜味的量有相當小的差別。然而，如果他比較兩種強烈的刺激，比如兩種非常甜的液體，他只能發現甜味的量有更大的不同。
Weber’s Law
韋伯定律
Nineteenth-century psychologist Ernst Weber proposed a principle demonstrating the fact that we can’t detect the difference between two stimuli unless they differ by a certain proportion and that this proportion is constant. In other words, the just noticeable difference for a stimulus is in a fixed proportion to the magnitude of a stimulus. Weber’s Law holds true except in the most extreme kinds of stimulation.
19世紀的心理學家恩斯特·韋伯提出了一個原理，證明了這樣一個事實:除非兩種刺激有一定的比例不同，否則我們無法檢測出它們之間的區別，而且這個比例是恆定的。換句話說，刺激的唯一顯著區別是刺激的大小與刺激的大小成一定比例。韋伯定律適用於除最極端的刺激之外的所有情況。
The Senses
感官
Researchers use Signal Detection Theory to predict when a weak signal will be detected. This theory considers the fact that the ability to detect a signal depends not only on the strength of the signal but also on the perceiver’s experience, motivation, expectation, and degree of alertness. Different people respond differently to the same signal, and the same person may detect a particular signal at one time but not another. Furthermore, people can often detect one type of signal in a sensory modality such as hearing or vision but be oblivious to other types of signals in the same sensory modality.
研究人員利用信號檢測理論來預測微弱信號何時會被檢測到。該理論認為，感知信號的能力不僅取決於信號的強度，還取決於感知者的經驗、動機、期望和警覺性。不同的人對相同的信號有不同的反應，同一個人可能在同一時間檢測到一個特定的信號，而不是在另一個時間。此外，人們常常可以在聽覺或視覺等感覺形態中檢測到一種類型的信號，但對同一感覺形態中的其他類型的信號卻渾然不覺。
Sensory Adaptation
感覺適應
When people walk into a restaurant, they probably notice food smells right away. However, as they sit in the restaurant, the smells gradually become less noticeable. This phenomenon occurs because of sensory adaptation. Sensory Adaptation is the decrease in sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. The smells don’t disappear—the people just become less sensitive to them.
當人們走進一家餐廳，他們可能馬上就會注意到食物的味道。然而，當他們坐在餐廳裡時，氣味逐漸變得不那麼明顯了。這種現象的發生是由於感覺適應。感覺適應是對不變刺激的敏感度下降。氣味並沒有消失，只是人們對氣味的敏感度降低了。
The Senses
感官
Sensation is the process by which physical energy from objects in the world or in the body stimulates the sense organs. The brain interprets and organizes this sensory information in a process called Perception. Psychophysics is the study of how the physical properties of stimuli relate to people’s experience of stimuli. Research in psychophysics has revealed much information about the acuity of the senses.
感覺是世界上或體內物體的物理能量刺激感覺器官的過程。大腦在一個叫做感知的過程中解釋和組織這些感覺信息。心理物理學就是研究刺激的物理特性如何與人們對刺激的體驗相聯繫的學科。心理物理學的研究揭示了許多關於感官敏銳性的信息。
Measuring the Senses
測量感官
Psychologists assess the acuity of the senses in three ways:
Measuring the absolute threshold
Measuring the difference threshold
Applying signal detection theory
心理學家通過三種方式評估感官的敏銳度:
•測量絕對閾值
•測量閾值
•應用信號檢測理論的區別
The Absolute Threshold is the minimum amount of stimulation required for a person to detect the stimulus 50 percent of the time. The Difference Threshold is the smallest difference in stimulation that can be detected 50 percent of the time. The difference threshold is sometimes called the Just Noticeable Difference (Jnd), and it depends on the strength of the stimulus.
絕對閾值是一個人在50%的時間裡檢測到刺激所需的最小刺激量。差異閾值是刺激的最小差異，可以檢測到50%的時間。差異閾值有時被稱為剛剛明顯的差異(Jnd)，它取決於刺激的強度。
Example:
舉例：
If someone were comparing two weak stimuli, such as two very slightly sweet liquids, he’d be able to detect quite a small difference in the amount of sweetness. However, if he were comparing two intense stimuli, such as two extremely sweet liquids, he could detect only a much bigger difference in the amount of sweetness.
如果有人比較兩種微弱的刺激，比如兩種非常輕微的甜味液體，他就能發現甜味的量有相當小的差別。然而，如果他比較兩種強烈的刺激，比如兩種非常甜的液體，他只能發現甜味的量有更大的不同。
Weber’s Law
韋伯定律
Nineteenth-century psychologist Ernst Weber proposed a principle demonstrating the fact that we can’t detect the difference between two stimuli unless they differ by a certain proportion and that this proportion is constant. In other words, the just noticeable difference for a stimulus is in a fixed proportion to the magnitude of a stimulus. Weber’s Law holds true except in the most extreme kinds of stimulation.
19世紀的心理學家恩斯特·韋伯提出了一個原理，證明了這樣一個事實:除非兩種刺激有一定的比例不同，否則我們無法檢測出它們之間的區別，而且這個比例是恆定的。換句話說，刺激的唯一顯著區別是刺激的大小與刺激的大小成一定比例。韋伯定律適用於除最極端的刺激之外的所有情況。
The Senses
感官
Researchers use Signal Detection Theory to predict when a weak signal will be detected. This theory considers the fact that the ability to detect a signal depends not only on the strength of the signal but also on the perceiver’s experience, motivation, expectation, and degree of alertness. Different people respond differently to the same signal, and the same person may detect a particular signal at one time but not another. Furthermore, people can often detect one type of signal in a sensory modality such as hearing or vision but be oblivious to other types of signals in the same sensory modality.
研究人員利用信號檢測理論來預測微弱信號何時會被檢測到。該理論認為，感知信號的能力不僅取決於信號的強度，還取決於感知者的經驗、動機、期望和警覺性。不同的人對相同的信號有不同的反應，同一個人可能在同一時間檢測到一個特定的信號，而不是在另一個時間。此外，人們常常可以在聽覺或視覺等感覺形態中檢測到一種類型的信號，但對同一感覺形態中的其他類型的信號卻渾然不覺。
Sensory Adaptation
感覺適應
When people walk into a restaurant, they probably notice food smells right away. However, as they sit in the restaurant, the smells gradually become less noticeable. This phenomenon occurs because of sensory adaptation. Sensory Adaptation is the decrease in sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. The smells don’t disappear—the people just become less sensitive to them.
當人們走進一家餐廳，他們可能馬上就會注意到食物的味道。然而，當他們坐在餐廳裡時，氣味逐漸變得不那麼明顯了。這種現象的發生是由於感覺適應。感覺適應是對不變刺激的敏感度下降。氣味並沒有消失，只是人們對氣味的敏感度降低了。
Development of the Senses
感官的發展
Babies have all the basic sensory abilities and many perceptual skills, but these abilities develop and grow more sensitive over time. Babies can recognize the difference between a human voice and other sounds, and they can locate a sound’s origin. They can recognize the difference between smells and, very early on, can recognize their mother’s particular smell. As for taste, they can differentiate between sweet and salty. Babies also have fairly adept visual abilities. Soon after birth, they can distinguish objects of different colors and sizes. When they are just a few weeks old, they begin to differentiate among contrasts, shadows, and patterns, and they can perceive depth after just a few months.
嬰兒擁有所有的基本感覺能力和許多感知技能，但隨著時間的推移，這些能力會發展並變得更加敏感。嬰兒能夠識別人類聲音和其他聲音的區別，並且能夠確定聲音的來源。它們能辨別氣味，而且很早就能辨別出它們母親的特殊氣味。至於味道，它們可以區分甜和鹹。嬰兒也有相當熟練的視覺能力。出生後不久，它們就能分辨出不同顏色和大小的物體。當它們只有幾周大的時候，它們就開始在對比、陰影和圖案之間進行區分，幾個月後它們就能感知深度。
The Senses
感官
Sensation is the process by which physical energy from objects in the world or in the body stimulates the sense organs. The brain interprets and organizes this sensory information in a process called Perception. Psychophysics is the study of how the physical properties of stimuli relate to people’s experience of stimuli. Research in psychophysics has revealed much information about the acuity of the senses.
感覺是世界上或體內物體的物理能量刺激感覺器官的過程。大腦在一個叫做感知的過程中解釋和組織這些感覺信息。心理物理學就是研究刺激的物理特性如何與人們對刺激的體驗相聯繫的學科。心理物理學的研究揭示了許多關於感官敏銳性的信息。
Measuring the Senses
測量感官
Psychologists assess the acuity of the senses in three ways:
Measuring the absolute threshold
Measuring the difference threshold
Applying signal detection theory
心理學家通過三種方式評估感官的敏銳度:
•測量絕對閾值
•測量閾值
•應用信號檢測理論的區別
The Absolute Threshold is the minimum amount of stimulation required for a person to detect the stimulus 50 percent of the time. The Difference Threshold is the smallest difference in stimulation that can be detected 50 percent of the time. The difference threshold is sometimes called the Just Noticeable Difference (Jnd), and it depends on the strength of the stimulus.
絕對閾值是一個人在50%的時間裡檢測到刺激所需的最小刺激量。差異閾值是刺激的最小差異，可以檢測到50%的時間。差異閾值有時被稱為剛剛明顯的差異(Jnd)，它取決於刺激的強度。
Example:
舉例：
If someone were comparing two weak stimuli, such as two very slightly sweet liquids, he’d be able to detect quite a small difference in the amount of sweetness. However, if he were comparing two intense stimuli, such as two extremely sweet liquids, he could detect only a much bigger difference in the amount of sweetness.
如果有人比較兩種微弱的刺激，比如兩種非常輕微的甜味液體，他就能發現甜味的量有相當小的差別。然而，如果他比較兩種強烈的刺激，比如兩種非常甜的液體，他只能發現甜味的量有更大的不同。
Weber’s Law
韋伯定律
Nineteenth-century psychologist Ernst Weber proposed a principle demonstrating the fact that we can’t detect the difference between two stimuli unless they differ by a certain proportion and that this proportion is constant. In other words, the just noticeable difference for a stimulus is in a fixed proportion to the magnitude of a stimulus. Weber’s Law holds true except in the most extreme kinds of stimulation.
19世紀的心理學家恩斯特·韋伯提出了一個原理，證明了這樣一個事實:除非兩種刺激有一定的比例不同，否則我們無法檢測出它們之間的區別，而且這個比例是恆定的。換句話說，刺激的唯一顯著區別是刺激的大小與刺激的大小成一定比例。韋伯定律適用於除最極端的刺激之外的所有情況。
The Senses
感官
Researchers use Signal Detection Theory to predict when a weak signal will be detected. This theory considers the fact that the ability to detect a signal depends not only on the strength of the signal but also on the perceiver’s experience, motivation, expectation, and degree of alertness. Different people respond differently to the same signal, and the same person may detect a particular signal at one time but not another. Furthermore, people can often detect one type of signal in a sensory modality such as hearing or vision but be oblivious to other types of signals in the same sensory modality.
研究人員利用信號檢測理論來預測微弱信號何時會被檢測到。該理論認為，感知信號的能力不僅取決於信號的強度，還取決於感知者的經驗、動機、期望和警覺性。不同的人對相同的信號有不同的反應，同一個人可能在同一時間檢測到一個特定的信號，而不是在另一個時間。此外，人們常常可以在聽覺或視覺等感覺形態中檢測到一種類型的信號，但對同一感覺形態中的其他類型的信號卻渾然不覺。
Sensory Adaptation
感覺適應
When people walk into a restaurant, they probably notice food smells right away. However, as they sit in the restaurant, the smells gradually become less noticeable. This phenomenon occurs because of sensory adaptation. Sensory Adaptation is the decrease in sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. The smells don’t disappear—the people just become less sensitive to them.
當人們走進一家餐廳，他們可能馬上就會注意到食物的味道。然而，當他們坐在餐廳裡時，氣味逐漸變得不那麼明顯了。這種現象的發生是由於感覺適應。感覺適應是對不變刺激的敏感度下降。氣味並沒有消失，只是人們對氣味的敏感度降低了。
Development of the Senses
感官的發展
Babies have all the basic sensory abilities and many perceptual skills, but these abilities develop and grow more sensitive over time. Babies can recognize the difference between a human voice and other sounds, and they can locate a sound’s origin. They can recognize the difference between smells and, very early on, can recognize their mother’s particular smell. As for taste, they can differentiate between sweet and salty. Babies also have fairly adept visual abilities. Soon after birth, they can distinguish objects of different colors and sizes. When they are just a few weeks old, they begin to differentiate among contrasts, shadows, and patterns, and they can perceive depth after just a few months.
嬰兒擁有所有的基本感覺能力和許多感知技能，但隨著時間的推移，這些能力會發展並變得更加敏感。嬰兒能夠識別人類聲音和其他聲音的區別，並且能夠確定聲音的來源。它們能辨別氣味，而且很早就能辨別出它們母親的特殊氣味。至於味道，它們可以區分甜和鹹。嬰兒也有相當熟練的視覺能力。出生後不久，它們就能分辨出不同顏色和大小的物體。當它們只有幾周大的時候，它們就開始在對比、陰影和圖案之間進行區分，幾個月後它們就能感知深度。
Sensitive Periods
敏感時期
Even innate perceptual skills need the right environment to develop properly. A lack of certain experiences during sensitive periods of development will impair a person’s ability to perceive the world.
即使是天生的感知能力也需要適當的環境來發展。在發展的敏感時期缺乏某些經驗會損害一個人感知世界的能力。
Example:
舉例：
People who were born blind but regain their vision in adulthood usually find the visual world confusing. Since these adults were blind in infancy, they missed the sensory experiences necessary for their visual system to develop fully.
生來失明但成年後視力恢復的人通常會對視覺世界感到困惑。由於這些成年人在嬰兒期失明，他們錯過了視覺系統發育所必需的感官體驗。
The Senses
感官
Sensation is the process by which physical energy from objects in the world or in the body stimulates the sense organs. The brain interprets and organizes this sensory information in a process called Perception. Psychophysics is the study of how the physical properties of stimuli relate to people’s experience of stimuli. Research in psychophysics has revealed much information about the acuity of the senses.
感覺是世界上或體內物體的物理能量刺激感覺器官的過程。大腦在一個叫做感知的過程中解釋和組織這些感覺信息。心理物理學就是研究刺激的物理特性如何與人們對刺激的體驗相聯繫的學科。心理物理學的研究揭示了許多關於感官敏銳性的信息。
Measuring the Senses
測量感官
Psychologists assess the acuity of the senses in three ways:
Measuring the absolute threshold
Measuring the difference threshold
Applying signal detection theory
心理學家通過三種方式評估感官的敏銳度:
•測量絕對閾值
•測量閾值
•應用信號檢測理論的區別
The Absolute Threshold is the minimum amount of stimulation required for a person to detect the stimulus 50 percent of the time. The Difference Threshold is the smallest difference in stimulation that can be detected 50 percent of the time. The difference threshold is sometimes called the Just Noticeable Difference (Jnd), and it depends on the strength of the stimulus.
絕對閾值是一個人在50%的時間裡檢測到刺激所需的最小刺激量。差異閾值是刺激的最小差異，可以檢測到50%的時間。差異閾值有時被稱為剛剛明顯的差異(Jnd)，它取決於刺激的強度。
Example:
舉例：
If someone were comparing two weak stimuli, such as two very slightly sweet liquids, he’d be able to detect quite a small difference in the amount of sweetness. However, if he were comparing two intense stimuli, such as two extremely sweet liquids, he could detect only a much bigger difference in the amount of sweetness.
如果有人比較兩種微弱的刺激，比如兩種非常輕微的甜味液體，他就能發現甜味的量有相當小的差別。然而，如果他比較兩種強烈的刺激，比如兩種非常甜的液體，他只能發現甜味的量有更大的不同。
Weber’s Law
韋伯定律
Nineteenth-century psychologist Ernst Weber proposed a principle demonstrating the fact that we can’t detect the difference between two stimuli unless they differ by a certain proportion and that this proportion is constant. In other words, the just noticeable difference for a stimulus is in a fixed proportion to the magnitude of a stimulus. Weber’s Law holds true except in the most extreme kinds of stimulation.
19世紀的心理學家恩斯特·韋伯提出了一個原理，證明了這樣一個事實:除非兩種刺激有一定的比例不同，否則我們無法檢測出它們之間的區別，而且這個比例是恆定的。換句話說，刺激的唯一顯著區別是刺激的大小與刺激的大小成一定比例。韋伯定律適用於除最極端的刺激之外的所有情況。
The Senses
感官
Researchers use Signal Detection Theory to predict when a weak signal will be detected. This theory considers the fact that the ability to detect a signal depends not only on the strength of the signal but also on the perceiver’s experience, motivation, expectation, and degree of alertness. Different people respond differently to the same signal, and the same person may detect a particular signal at one time but not another. Furthermore, people can often detect one type of signal in a sensory modality such as hearing or vision but be oblivious to other types of signals in the same sensory modality.
研究人員利用信號檢測理論來預測微弱信號何時會被檢測到。該理論認為，感知信號的能力不僅取決於信號的強度，還取決於感知者的經驗、動機、期望和警覺性。不同的人對相同的信號有不同的反應，同一個人可能在同一時間檢測到一個特定的信號，而不是在另一個時間。此外，人們常常可以在聽覺或視覺等感覺形態中檢測到一種類型的信號，但對同一感覺形態中的其他類型的信號卻渾然不覺。
Sensory Adaptation
感覺適應
When people walk into a restaurant, they probably notice food smells right away. However, as they sit in the restaurant, the smells gradually become less noticeable. This phenomenon occurs because of sensory adaptation. Sensory Adaptation is the decrease in sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. The smells don’t disappear—the people just become less sensitive to them.
當人們走進一家餐廳，他們可能馬上就會注意到食物的味道。然而，當他們坐在餐廳裡時，氣味逐漸變得不那麼明顯了。這種現象的發生是由於感覺適應。感覺適應是對不變刺激的敏感度下降。氣味並沒有消失，只是人們對氣味的敏感度降低了。
Development of the Senses
感官的發展
Babies have all the basic sensory abilities and many perceptual skills, but these abilities develop and grow more sensitive over time. Babies can recognize the difference between a human voice and other sounds, and they can locate a sound’s origin. They can recognize the difference between smells and, very early on, can recognize their mother’s particular smell. As for taste, they can differentiate between sweet and salty. Babies also have fairly adept visual abilities. Soon after birth, they can distinguish objects of different colors and sizes. When they are just a few weeks old, they begin to differentiate among contrasts, shadows, and patterns, and they can perceive depth after just a few months.
嬰兒擁有所有的基本感覺能力和許多感知技能，但隨著時間的推移，這些能力會發展並變得更加敏感。嬰兒能夠識別人類聲音和其他聲音的區別，並且能夠確定聲音的來源。它們能辨別氣味，而且很早就能辨別出它們母親的特殊氣味。至於味道，它們可以區分甜和鹹。嬰兒也有相當熟練的視覺能力。出生後不久，它們就能分辨出不同顏色和大小的物體。當它們只有幾周大的時候，它們就開始在對比、陰影和圖案之間進行區分，幾個月後它們就能感知深度。
Sensitive Periods
敏感時期
Even innate perceptual skills need the right environment to develop properly. A lack of certain experiences during sensitive periods of development will impair a person’s ability to perceive the world.
即使是天生的感知能力也需要適當的環境來發展。在發展的敏感時期缺乏某些經驗會損害一個人感知世界的能力。
Example:
舉例：
People who were born blind but regain their vision in adulthood usually find the visual world confusing. Since these adults were blind in infancy, they missed the sensory experiences necessary for their visual system to develop fully.
生來失明但成年後視力恢復的人通常會對視覺世界感到困惑。由於這些成年人在嬰兒期失明，他們錯過了視覺系統發育所必需的感官體驗。
The Senses
感官
Sensation is the process by which physical energy from objects in the world or in the body stimulates the sense organs. The brain interprets and organizes this sensory information in a process called Perception. Psychophysics is the study of how the physical properties of stimuli relate to people’s experience of stimuli. Research in psychophysics has revealed much information about the acuity of the senses.
感覺是世界上或體內物體的物理能量刺激感覺器官的過程。大腦在一個叫做感知的過程中解釋和組織這些感覺信息。心理物理學就是研究刺激的物理特性如何與人們對刺激的體驗相聯繫的學科。心理物理學的研究揭示了許多關於感官敏銳性的信息。
Measuring the Senses
測量感官
Psychologists assess the acuity of the senses in three ways:
Measuring the absolute threshold
Measuring the difference threshold
Applying signal detection theory
心理學家通過三種方式評估感官的敏銳度:
•測量絕對閾值
•測量閾值
•應用信號檢測理論的區別
The Absolute Threshold is the minimum amount of stimulation required for a person to detect the stimulus 50 percent of the time. The Difference Threshold is the smallest difference in stimulation that can be detected 50 percent of the time. The difference threshold is sometimes called the Just Noticeable Difference (Jnd), and it depends on the strength of the stimulus.
絕對閾值是一個人在50%的時間裡檢測到刺激所需的最小刺激量。差異閾值是刺激的最小差異，可以檢測到50%的時間。差異閾值有時被稱為剛剛明顯的差異(Jnd)，它取決於刺激的強度。
Example:
舉例：
If someone were comparing two weak stimuli, such as two very slightly sweet liquids, he’d be able to detect quite a small difference in the amount of sweetness. However, if he were comparing two intense stimuli, such as two extremely sweet liquids, he could detect only a much bigger difference in the amount of sweetness.
如果有人比較兩種微弱的刺激，比如兩種非常輕微的甜味液體，他就能發現甜味的量有相當小的差別。然而，如果他比較兩種強烈的刺激，比如兩種非常甜的液體，他只能發現甜味的量有更大的不同。
Weber’s Law
韋伯定律
Nineteenth-century psychologist Ernst Weber proposed a principle demonstrating the fact that we can’t detect the difference between two stimuli unless they differ by a certain proportion and that this proportion is constant. In other words, the just noticeable difference for a stimulus is in a fixed proportion to the magnitude of a stimulus. Weber’s Law holds true except in the most extreme kinds of stimulation.
19世紀的心理學家恩斯特·韋伯提出了一個原理，證明了這樣一個事實:除非兩種刺激有一定的比例不同，否則我們無法檢測出它們之間的區別，而且這個比例是恆定的。換句話說，刺激的唯一顯著區別是刺激的大小與刺激的大小成一定比例。韋伯定律適用於除最極端的刺激之外的所有情況。
The Senses
感官
Researchers use Signal Detection Theory to predict when a weak signal will be detected. This theory considers the fact that the ability to detect a signal depends not only on the strength of the signal but also on the perceiver’s experience, motivation, expectation, and degree of alertness. Different people respond differently to the same signal, and the same person may detect a particular signal at one time but not another. Furthermore, people can often detect one type of signal in a sensory modality such as hearing or vision but be oblivious to other types of signals in the same sensory modality.
研究人員利用信號檢測理論來預測微弱信號何時會被檢測到。該理論認為，感知信號的能力不僅取決於信號的強度，還取決於感知者的經驗、動機、期望和警覺性。不同的人對相同的信號有不同的反應，同一個人可能在同一時間檢測到一個特定的信號，而不是在另一個時間。此外，人們常常可以在聽覺或視覺等感覺形態中檢測到一種類型的信號，但對同一感覺形態中的其他類型的信號卻渾然不覺。
Sensory Adaptation
感覺適應
When people walk into a restaurant, they probably notice food smells right away. However, as they sit in the restaurant, the smells gradually become less noticeable. This phenomenon occurs because of sensory adaptation. Sensory Adaptation is the decrease in sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. The smells don’t disappear—the people just become less sensitive to them.
當人們走進一家餐廳，他們可能馬上就會注意到食物的味道。然而，當他們坐在餐廳裡時，氣味逐漸變得不那麼明顯了。這種現象的發生是由於感覺適應。感覺適應是對不變刺激的敏感度下降。氣味並沒有消失，只是人們對氣味的敏感度降低了。
Development of the Senses
感官的發展
Babies have all the basic sensory abilities and many perceptual skills, but these abilities develop and grow more sensitive over time. Babies can recognize the difference between a human voice and other sounds, and they can locate a sound’s origin. They can recognize the difference between smells and, very early on, can recognize their mother’s particular smell. As for taste, they can differentiate between sweet and salty. Babies also have fairly adept visual abilities. Soon after birth, they can distinguish objects of different colors and sizes. When they are just a few weeks old, they begin to differentiate among contrasts, shadows, and patterns, and they can perceive depth after just a few months.
嬰兒擁有所有的基本感覺能力和許多感知技能，但隨著時間的推移，這些能力會發展並變得更加敏感。嬰兒能夠識別人類聲音和其他聲音的區別，並且能夠確定聲音的來源。它們能辨別氣味，而且很早就能辨別出它們母親的特殊氣味。至於味道，它們可以區分甜和鹹。嬰兒也有相當熟練的視覺能力。出生後不久，它們就能分辨出不同顏色和大小的物體。當它們只有幾周大的時候，它們就開始在對比、陰影和圖案之間進行區分，幾個月後它們就能感知深度。
Sensitive Periods
敏感時期
Even innate perceptual skills need the right environment to develop properly. A lack of certain experiences during sensitive periods of development will impair a person’s ability to perceive the world.
即使是天生的感知能力也需要適當的環境來發展。在發展的敏感時期缺乏某些經驗會損害一個人感知世界的能力。
Example:
舉例：
People who were born blind but regain their vision in adulthood usually find the visual world confusing. Since these adults were blind in infancy, they missed the sensory experiences necessary for their visual system to develop fully.
生來失明但成年後視力恢復的人通常會對視覺世界感到困惑。由於這些成年人在嬰兒期失明，他們錯過了視覺系統發育所必需的感官體驗。
The Senses
感官
Sensation is the process by which physical energy from objects in the world or in the body stimulates the sense organs. The brain interprets and organizes this sensory information in a process called Perception. Psychophysics is the study of how the physical properties of stimuli relate to people’s experience of stimuli. Research in psychophysics has revealed much information about the acuity of the senses.
感覺是世界上或體內物體的物理能量刺激感覺器官的過程。大腦在一個叫做感知的過程中解釋和組織這些感覺信息。心理物理學就是研究刺激的物理特性如何與人們對刺激的體驗相聯繫的學科。心理物理學的研究揭示了許多關於感官敏銳性的信息。
Measuring the Senses
測量感官
Psychologists assess the acuity of the senses in three ways:
Measuring the absolute threshold
Measuring the difference threshold
Applying signal detection theory
心理學家通過三種方式評估感官的敏銳度:
•測量絕對閾值
•測量閾值
•應用信號檢測理論的區別
The Absolute Threshold is the minimum amount of stimulation required for a person to detect the stimulus 50 percent of the time. The Difference Threshold is the smallest difference in stimulation that can be detected 50 percent of the time. The difference threshold is sometimes called the Just Noticeable Difference (Jnd), and it depends on the strength of the stimulus.
絕對閾值是一個人在50%的時間裡檢測到刺激所需的最小刺激量。差異閾值是刺激的最小差異，可以檢測到50%的時間。差異閾值有時被稱為剛剛明顯的差異(Jnd)，它取決於刺激的強度。
Example:
舉例：
If someone were comparing two weak stimuli, such as two very slightly sweet liquids, he’d be able to detect quite a small difference in the amount of sweetness. However, if he were comparing two intense stimuli, such as two extremely sweet liquids, he could detect only a much bigger difference in the amount of sweetness.
如果有人比較兩種微弱的刺激，比如兩種非常輕微的甜味液體，他就能發現甜味的量有相當小的差別。然而，如果他比較兩種強烈的刺激，比如兩種非常甜的液體，他只能發現甜味的量有更大的不同。
Weber’s Law
韋伯定律
Nineteenth-century psychologist Ernst Weber proposed a principle demonstrating the fact that we can’t detect the difference between two stimuli unless they differ by a certain proportion and that this proportion is constant. In other words, the just noticeable difference for a stimulus is in a fixed proportion to the magnitude of a stimulus. Weber’s Law holds true except in the most extreme kinds of stimulation.
19世紀的心理學家恩斯特·韋伯提出了一個原理，證明了這樣一個事實:除非兩種刺激有一定的比例不同，否則我們無法檢測出它們之間的區別，而且這個比例是恆定的。換句話說，刺激的唯一顯著區別是刺激的大小與刺激的大小成一定比例。韋伯定律適用於除最極端的刺激之外的所有情況。
The Senses
感官
Researchers use Signal Detection Theory to predict when a weak signal will be detected. This theory considers the fact that the ability to detect a signal depends not only on the strength of the signal but also on the perceiver’s experience, motivation, expectation, and degree of alertness. Different people respond differently to the same signal, and the same person may detect a particular signal at one time but not another. Furthermore, people can often detect one type of signal in a sensory modality such as hearing or vision but be oblivious to other types of signals in the same sensory modality.
研究人員利用信號檢測理論來預測微弱信號何時會被檢測到。該理論認為，感知信號的能力不僅取決於信號的強度，還取決於感知者的經驗、動機、期望和警覺性。不同的人對相同的信號有不同的反應，同一個人可能在同一時間檢測到一個特定的信號，而不是在另一個時間。此外，人們常常可以在聽覺或視覺等感覺形態中檢測到一種類型的信號，但對同一感覺形態中的其他類型的信號卻渾然不覺。
Sensory Adaptation
感覺適應
When people walk into a restaurant, they probably notice food smells right away. However, as they sit in the restaurant, the smells gradually become less noticeable. This phenomenon occurs because of sensory adaptation. Sensory Adaptation is the decrease in sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. The smells don’t disappear—the people just become less sensitive to them.
當人們走進一家餐廳，他們可能馬上就會注意到食物的味道。然而，當他們坐在餐廳裡時，氣味逐漸變得不那麼明顯了。這種現象的發生是由於感覺適應。感覺適應是對不變刺激的敏感度下降。氣味並沒有消失，只是人們對氣味的敏感度降低了。
Development of the Senses
感官的發展
Babies have all the basic sensory abilities and many perceptual skills, but these abilities develop and grow more sensitive over time. Babies can recognize the difference between a human voice and other sounds, and they can locate a sound’s origin. They can recognize the difference between smells and, very early on, can recognize their mother’s particular smell. As for taste, they can differentiate between sweet and salty. Babies also have fairly adept visual abilities. Soon after birth, they can distinguish objects of different colors and sizes. When they are just a few weeks old, they begin to differentiate among contrasts, shadows, and patterns, and they can perceive depth after just a few months.
嬰兒擁有所有的基本感覺能力和許多感知技能，但隨著時間的推移，這些能力會發展並變得更加敏感。嬰兒能夠識別人類聲音和其他聲音的區別，並且能夠確定聲音的來源。它們能辨別氣味，而且很早就能辨別出它們母親的特殊氣味。至於味道，它們可以區分甜和鹹。嬰兒也有相當熟練的視覺能力。出生後不久，它們就能分辨出不同顏色和大小的物體。當它們只有幾周大的時候，它們就開始在對比、陰影和圖案之間進行區分，幾個月後它們就能感知深度。
Sensitive Periods
敏感時期
Even innate perceptual skills need the right environment to develop properly. A lack of certain experiences during sensitive periods of development will impair a person’s ability to perceive the world.
即使是天生的感知能力也需要適當的環境來發展。在發展的敏感時期缺乏某些經驗會損害一個人感知世界的能力。
Example:
舉例：
People who were born blind but regain their vision in adulthood usually find the visual world confusing. Since these adults were blind in infancy, they missed the sensory experiences necessary for their visual system to develop fully.
生來失明但成年後視力恢復的人通常會對視覺世界感到困惑。由於這些成年人在嬰兒期失明，他們錯過了視覺系統發育所必需的感官體驗。
The Senses
感官
Sensation is the process by which physical energy from objects in the world or in the body stimulates the sense organs. The brain interprets and organizes this sensory information in a process called Perception. Psychophysics is the study of how the physical properties of stimuli relate to people’s experience of stimuli. Research in psychophysics has revealed much information about the acuity of the senses.
感覺是世界上或體內物體的物理能量刺激感覺器官的過程。大腦在一個叫做感知的過程中解釋和組織這些感覺信息。心理物理學就是研究刺激的物理特性如何與人們對刺激的體驗相聯繫的學科。心理物理學的研究揭示了許多關於感官敏銳性的信息。
Measuring the Senses
測量感官
Psychologists assess the acuity of the senses in three ways:
Measuring the absolute threshold
Measuring the difference threshold
Applying signal detection theory
心理學家通過三種方式評估感官的敏銳度:
•測量絕對閾值
•測量閾值
•應用信號檢測理論的區別
The Absolute Threshold is the minimum amount of stimulation required for a person to detect the stimulus 50 percent of the time. The Difference Threshold is the smallest difference in stimulation that can be detected 50 percent of the time. The difference threshold is sometimes called the Just Noticeable Difference (Jnd), and it depends on the strength of the stimulus.
絕對閾值是一個人在50%的時間裡檢測到刺激所需的最小刺激量。差異閾值是刺激的最小差異，可以檢測到50%的時間。差異閾值有時被稱為剛剛明顯的差異(Jnd)，它取決於刺激的強度。
Example:
舉例：
If someone were comparing two weak stimuli, such as two very slightly sweet liquids, he’d be able to detect quite a small difference in the amount of sweetness. However, if he were comparing two intense stimuli, such as two extremely sweet liquids, he could detect only a much bigger difference in the amount of sweetness.
如果有人比較兩種微弱的刺激，比如兩種非常輕微的甜味液體，他就能發現甜味的量有相當小的差別。然而，如果他比較兩種強烈的刺激，比如兩種非常甜的液體，他只能發現甜味的量有更大的不同。
Weber’s Law
韋伯定律
Nineteenth-century psychologist Ernst Weber proposed a principle demonstrating the fact that we can’t detect the difference between two stimuli unless they differ by a certain proportion and that this proportion is constant. In other words, the just noticeable difference for a stimulus is in a fixed proportion to the magnitude of a stimulus. Weber’s Law holds true except in the most extreme kinds of stimulation.
19世紀的心理學家恩斯特·韋伯提出了一個原理，證明了這樣一個事實:除非兩種刺激有一定的比例不同，否則我們無法檢測出它們之間的區別，而且這個比例是恆定的。換句話說，刺激的唯一顯著區別是刺激的大小與刺激的大小成一定比例。韋伯定律適用於除最極端的刺激之外的所有情況。
The Senses
感官
Researchers use Signal Detection Theory to predict when a weak signal will be detected. This theory considers the fact that the ability to detect a signal depends not only on the strength of the signal but also on the perceiver’s experience, motivation, expectation, and degree of alertness. Different people respond differently to the same signal, and the same person may detect a particular signal at one time but not another. Furthermore, people can often detect one type of signal in a sensory modality such as hearing or vision but be oblivious to other types of signals in the same sensory modality.
研究人員利用信號檢測理論來預測微弱信號何時會被檢測到。該理論認為，感知信號的能力不僅取決於信號的強度，還取決於感知者的經驗、動機、期望和警覺性。不同的人對相同的信號有不同的反應，同一個人可能在同一時間檢測到一個特定的信號，而不是在另一個時間。此外，人們常常可以在聽覺或視覺等感覺形態中檢測到一種類型的信號，但對同一感覺形態中的其他類型的信號卻渾然不覺。
Sensory Adaptation
感覺適應
When people walk into a restaurant, they probably notice food smells right away. However, as they sit in the restaurant, the smells gradually become less noticeable. This phenomenon occurs because of sensory adaptation. Sensory Adaptation is the decrease in sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. The smells don’t disappear—the people just become less sensitive to them.
當人們走進一家餐廳，他們可能馬上就會注意到食物的味道。然而，當他們坐在餐廳裡時，氣味逐漸變得不那麼明顯了。這種現象的發生是由於感覺適應。感覺適應是對不變刺激的敏感度下降。氣味並沒有消失，只是人們對氣味的敏感度降低了。
Development of the Senses
感官的發展
Babies have all the basic sensory abilities and many perceptual skills, but these abilities develop and grow more sensitive over time. Babies can recognize the difference between a human voice and other sounds, and they can locate a sound’s origin. They can recognize the difference between smells and, very early on, can recognize their mother’s particular smell. As for taste, they can differentiate between sweet and salty. Babies also have fairly adept visual abilities. Soon after birth, they can distinguish objects of different colors and sizes. When they are just a few weeks old, they begin to differentiate among contrasts, shadows, and patterns, and they can perceive depth after just a few months.
嬰兒擁有所有的基本感覺能力和許多感知技能，但隨著時間的推移，這些能力會發展並變得更加敏感。嬰兒能夠識別人類聲音和其他聲音的區別，並且能夠確定聲音的來源。它們能辨別氣味，而且很早就能辨別出它們母親的特殊氣味。至於味道，它們可以區分甜和鹹。嬰兒也有相當熟練的視覺能力。出生後不久，它們就能分辨出不同顏色和大小的物體。當它們只有幾周大的時候，它們就開始在對比、陰影和圖案之間進行區分，幾個月後它們就能感知深度。
Sensitive Periods
敏感時期
Even innate perceptual skills need the right environment to develop properly. A lack of certain experiences during sensitive periods of development will impair a person’s ability to perceive the world.
即使是天生的感知能力也需要適當的環境來發展。在發展的敏感時期缺乏某些經驗會損害一個人感知世界的能力。
Example:
舉例：
People who were born blind but regain their vision in adulthood usually find the visual world confusing. Since these adults were blind in infancy, they missed the sensory experiences necessary for their visual system to develop fully.
生來失明但成年後視力恢復的人通常會對視覺世界感到困惑。由於這些成年人在嬰兒期失明，他們錯過了視覺系統發育所必需的感官體驗。
The Senses
感官
Sensation is the process by which physical energy from objects in the world or in the body stimulates the sense organs. The brain interprets and organizes this sensory information in a process called Perception. Psychophysics is the study of how the physical properties of stimuli relate to people’s experience of stimuli. Research in psychophysics has revealed much information about the acuity of the senses.
感覺是世界上或體內物體的物理能量刺激感覺器官的過程。大腦在一個叫做感知的過程中解釋和組織這些感覺信息。心理物理學就是研究刺激的物理特性如何與人們對刺激的體驗相聯繫的學科。心理物理學的研究揭示了許多關於感官敏銳性的信息。
Measuring the Senses
測量感官
Psychologists assess the acuity of the senses in three ways:
Measuring the absolute threshold
Measuring the difference threshold
Applying signal detection theory
心理學家通過三種方式評估感官的敏銳度:
•測量絕對閾值
•測量閾值
•應用信號檢測理論的區別
The Absolute Threshold is the minimum amount of stimulation required for a person to detect the stimulus 50 percent of the time. The Difference Threshold is the smallest difference in stimulation that can be detected 50 percent of the time. The difference threshold is sometimes called the Just Noticeable Difference (Jnd), and it depends on the strength of the stimulus.
絕對閾值是一個人在50%的時間裡檢測到刺激所需的最小刺激量。差異閾值是刺激的最小差異，可以檢測到50%的時間。差異閾值有時被稱為剛剛明顯的差異(Jnd)，它取決於刺激的強度。
Example:
舉例：
If someone were comparing two weak stimuli, such as two very slightly sweet liquids, he’d be able to detect quite a small difference in the amount of sweetness. However, if he were comparing two intense stimuli, such as two extremely sweet liquids, he could detect only a much bigger difference in the amount of sweetness.
如果有人比較兩種微弱的刺激，比如兩種非常輕微的甜味液體，他就能發現甜味的量有相當小的差別。然而，如果他比較兩種強烈的刺激，比如兩種非常甜的液體，他只能發現甜味的量有更大的不同。
Weber’s Law
韋伯定律
Nineteenth-century psychologist Ernst Weber proposed a principle demonstrating the fact that we can’t detect the difference between two stimuli unless they differ by a certain proportion and that this proportion is constant. In other words, the just noticeable difference for a stimulus is in a fixed proportion to the magnitude of a stimulus. Weber’s Law holds true except in the most extreme kinds of stimulation.
19世紀的心理學家恩斯特·韋伯提出了一個原理，證明了這樣一個事實:除非兩種刺激有一定的比例不同，否則我們無法檢測出它們之間的區別，而且這個比例是恆定的。換句話說，刺激的唯一顯著區別是刺激的大小與刺激的大小成一定比例。韋伯定律適用於除最極端的刺激之外的所有情況。
The Senses
感官
Researchers use Signal Detection Theory to predict when a weak signal will be detected. This theory considers the fact that the ability to detect a signal depends not only on the strength of the signal but also on the perceiver’s experience, motivation, expectation, and degree of alertness. Different people respond differently to the same signal, and the same person may detect a particular signal at one time but not another. Furthermore, people can often detect one type of signal in a sensory modality such as hearing or vision but be oblivious to other types of signals in the same sensory modality.
研究人員利用信號檢測理論來預測微弱信號何時會被檢測到。該理論認為，感知信號的能力不僅取決於信號的強度，還取決於感知者的經驗、動機、期望和警覺性。不同的人對相同的信號有不同的反應，同一個人可能在同一時間檢測到一個特定的信號，而不是在另一個時間。此外，人們常常可以在聽覺或視覺等感覺形態中檢測到一種類型的信號，但對同一感覺形態中的其他類型的信號卻渾然不覺。
Sensory Adaptation
感覺適應
When people walk into a restaurant, they probably notice food smells right away. However, as they sit in the restaurant, the smells gradually become less noticeable. This phenomenon occurs because of sensory adaptation. Sensory Adaptation is the decrease in sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. The smells don’t disappear—the people just become less sensitive to them.
當人們走進一家餐廳，他們可能馬上就會注意到食物的味道。然而，當他們坐在餐廳裡時，氣味逐漸變得不那麼明顯了。這種現象的發生是由於感覺適應。感覺適應是對不變刺激的敏感度下降。氣味並沒有消失，只是人們對氣味的敏感度降低了。
Development of the Senses
感官的發展
Babies have all the basic sensory abilities and many perceptual skills, but these abilities develop and grow more sensitive over time. Babies can recognize the difference between a human voice and other sounds, and they can locate a sound’s origin. They can recognize the difference between smells and, very early on, can recognize their mother’s particular smell. As for taste, they can differentiate between sweet and salty. Babies also have fairly adept visual abilities. Soon after birth, they can distinguish objects of different colors and sizes. When they are just a few weeks old, they begin to differentiate among contrasts, shadows, and patterns, and they can perceive depth after just a few months.
嬰兒擁有所有的基本感覺能力和許多感知技能，但隨著時間的推移，這些能力會發展並變得更加敏感。嬰兒能夠識別人類聲音和其他聲音的區別，並且能夠確定聲音的來源。它們能辨別氣味，而且很早就能辨別出它們母親的特殊氣味。至於味道，它們可以區分甜和鹹。嬰兒也有相當熟練的視覺能力。出生後不久，它們就能分辨出不同顏色和大小的物體。當它們只有幾周大的時候，它們就開始在對比、陰影和圖案之間進行區分，幾個月後它們就能感知深度。
Sensitive Periods
敏感時期
Even innate perceptual skills need the right environment to develop properly. A lack of certain experiences during sensitive periods of development will impair a person’s ability to perceive the world.
即使是天生的感知能力也需要適當的環境來發展。在發展的敏感時期缺乏某些經驗會損害一個人感知世界的能力。
Example:
舉例：
People who were born blind but regain their vision in adulthood usually find the visual world confusing. Since these adults were blind in infancy, they missed the sensory experiences necessary for their visual system to develop fully.
生來失明但成年後視力恢復的人通常會對視覺世界感到困惑。由於這些成年人在嬰兒期失明，他們錯過了視覺系統發育所必需的感官體驗。
H. 韋伯，德國生理學家和心理學家。1795年6月24日生於維騰貝格，1878年1月26日卒於萊比錫。1815年在萊比錫大學獲博士學位並留校工作，1818年任解剖學和生理學助理教授，1821年任教授。直至1871年才退出教學工作。韋伯的主要研究在生理學方面，包括循環系統、耳、眼、肝臟，特別是皮膚方面。1834年，他用拉丁文寫了《觸覺論》，詳細報道了皮膚的壓覺、觸覺、溫覺、冷覺、位置覺以及肌覺、痛覺、關節覺等。著名的韋伯定律即發表於此。1846年為R.瓦格納編的《生理學詞典》寫了著名的《觸覺與一般感覺》一文。
The Senses
感官
Sensation is the process by which physical energy from objects in the world or in the body stimulates the sense organs. The brain interprets and organizes this sensory information in a process called Perception. Psychophysics is the study of how the physical properties of stimuli relate to people’s experience of stimuli. Research in psychophysics has revealed much information about the acuity of the senses.
感覺是世界上或體內物體的物理能量刺激感覺器官的過程。大腦在一個叫做感知的過程中解釋和組織這些感覺信息。心理物理學就是研究刺激的物理特性如何與人們對刺激的體驗相聯繫的學科。心理物理學的研究揭示了許多關於感官敏銳性的信息。
Measuring the Senses
測量感官
Psychologists assess the acuity of the senses in three ways:
Measuring the absolute threshold
Measuring the difference threshold
Applying signal detection theory
心理學家通過三種方式評估感官的敏銳度:
•測量絕對閾值
•測量閾值
•應用信號檢測理論的區別
The Absolute Threshold is the minimum amount of stimulation required for a person to detect the stimulus 50 percent of the time. The Difference Threshold is the smallest difference in stimulation that can be detected 50 percent of the time. The difference threshold is sometimes called the Just Noticeable Difference (Jnd), and it depends on the strength of the stimulus.
絕對閾值是一個人在50%的時間裡檢測到刺激所需的最小刺激量。差異閾值是刺激的最小差異，可以檢測到50%的時間。差異閾值有時被稱為剛剛明顯的差異(Jnd)，它取決於刺激的強度。
Example:
舉例：
If someone were comparing two weak stimuli, such as two very slightly sweet liquids, he’d be able to detect quite a small difference in the amount of sweetness. However, if he were comparing two intense stimuli, such as two extremely sweet liquids, he could detect only a much bigger difference in the amount of sweetness.
如果有人比較兩種微弱的刺激，比如兩種非常輕微的甜味液體，他就能發現甜味的量有相當小的差別。然而，如果他比較兩種強烈的刺激，比如兩種非常甜的液體，他只能發現甜味的量有更大的不同。
Weber’s Law
韋伯定律
Nineteenth-century psychologist Ernst Weber proposed a principle demonstrating the fact that we can’t detect the difference between two stimuli unless they differ by a certain proportion and that this proportion is constant. In other words, the just noticeable difference for a stimulus is in a fixed proportion to the magnitude of a stimulus. Weber’s Law holds true except in the most extreme kinds of stimulation.
19世紀的心理學家恩斯特·韋伯提出了一個原理，證明了這樣一個事實:除非兩種刺激有一定的比例不同，否則我們無法檢測出它們之間的區別，而且這個比例是恆定的。換句話說，刺激的唯一顯著區別是刺激的大小與刺激的大小成一定比例。韋伯定律適用於除最極端的刺激之外的所有情況。
The Senses
感官
Researchers use Signal Detection Theory to predict when a weak signal will be detected. This theory considers the fact that the ability to detect a signal depends not only on the strength of the signal but also on the perceiver’s experience, motivation, expectation, and degree of alertness. Different people respond differently to the same signal, and the same person may detect a particular signal at one time but not another. Furthermore, people can often detect one type of signal in a sensory modality such as hearing or vision but be oblivious to other types of signals in the same sensory modality.
研究人員利用信號檢測理論來預測微弱信號何時會被檢測到。該理論認為，感知信號的能力不僅取決於信號的強度，還取決於感知者的經驗、動機、期望和警覺性。不同的人對相同的信號有不同的反應，同一個人可能在同一時間檢測到一個特定的信號，而不是在另一個時間。此外，人們常常可以在聽覺或視覺等感覺形態中檢測到一種類型的信號，但對同一感覺形態中的其他類型的信號卻渾然不覺。
Sensory Adaptation
感覺適應
When people walk into a restaurant, they probably notice food smells right away. However, as they sit in the restaurant, the smells gradually become less noticeable. This phenomenon occurs because of sensory adaptation. Sensory Adaptation is the decrease in sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. The smells don’t disappear—the people just become less sensitive to them.
當人們走進一家餐廳，他們可能馬上就會注意到食物的味道。然而，當他們坐在餐廳裡時，氣味逐漸變得不那麼明顯了。這種現象的發生是由於感覺適應。感覺適應是對不變刺激的敏感度下降。氣味並沒有消失，只是人們對氣味的敏感度降低了。
Development of the Senses
感官的發展
Babies have all the basic sensory abilities and many perceptual skills, but these abilities develop and grow more sensitive over time. Babies can recognize the difference between a human voice and other sounds, and they can locate a sound’s origin. They can recognize the difference between smells and, very early on, can recognize their mother’s particular smell. As for taste, they can differentiate between sweet and salty. Babies also have fairly adept visual abilities. Soon after birth, they can distinguish objects of different colors and sizes. When they are just a few weeks old, they begin to differentiate among contrasts, shadows, and patterns, and they can perceive depth after just a few months.
嬰兒擁有所有的基本感覺能力和許多感知技能，但隨著時間的推移，這些能力會發展並變得更加敏感。嬰兒能夠識別人類聲音和其他聲音的區別，並且能夠確定聲音的來源。它們能辨別氣味，而且很早就能辨別出它們母親的特殊氣味。至於味道，它們可以區分甜和鹹。嬰兒也有相當熟練的視覺能力。出生後不久，它們就能分辨出不同顏色和大小的物體。當它們只有幾周大的時候，它們就開始在對比、陰影和圖案之間進行區分，幾個月後它們就能感知深度。
Sensitive Periods
敏感時期
Even innate perceptual skills need the right environment to develop properly. A lack of certain experiences during sensitive periods of development will impair a person’s ability to perceive the world.
即使是天生的感知能力也需要適當的環境來發展。在發展的敏感時期缺乏某些經驗會損害一個人感知世界的能力。
Example:
舉例：
People who were born blind but regain their vision in adulthood usually find the visual world confusing. Since these adults were blind in infancy, they missed the sensory experiences necessary for their visual system to develop fully.
生來失明但成年後視力恢復的人通常會對視覺世界感到困惑。由於這些成年人在嬰兒期失明，他們錯過了視覺系統發育所必需的感官體驗。
H. 韋伯，德國生理學家和心理學家。1795年6月24日生於維騰貝格，1878年1月26日卒於萊比錫。1815年在萊比錫大學獲博士學位並留校工作，1818年任解剖學和生理學助理教授，1821年任教授。直至1871年才退出教學工作。韋伯的主要研究在生理學方面，包括循環系統、耳、眼、肝臟，特別是皮膚方面。1834年，他用拉丁文寫了《觸覺論》，詳細報道了皮膚的壓覺、觸覺、溫覺、冷覺、位置覺以及肌覺、痛覺、關節覺等。著名的韋伯定律即發表於此。1846年為R.瓦格納編的《生理學詞典》寫了著名的《觸覺與一般感覺》一文。
1、七情六慾人皆有之
- 人的七種情感普遍存在，快樂、悲傷、蔑視、恐懼、厭惡、驚訝和憤怒
- 社交溝通時，使用這七種情緒的圖片溝通最為有效（表情包）
2、情感感知與肌肉運動相關聯
- 舉例，肉毒桿菌，可以舒緩肌肉，減少皺紋，經常注射肉毒桿菌的人無法通過肌肉運動表達情感，從而也無法感知情感
- 大腦映射情感，之前提過的鏡像神經元，能促使人們感同身受
3、故事比數據更有說服力
故事比數據有吸引力的原因是它的形式比較好，故事能夠引起共鳴，引發情感反饋。
4、氣味會激發情感和喚起回憶
不同的氣味可能引起生理上的不同變化。
5、人天生喜歡歡喜
杏仁核是處理情感的區域；伏隔閡。
6、忙碌時會更加愉悅
人在無所事事時，會感到不耐煩；
人喜歡做事，而不喜歡閒著（當然做的事都是有意義的）；如果一項工作需要等待，可以在等待中給予他們一些樂趣。
7、田園景色可以使人愉悅。可以修復人的注意力
在線瀏覽田園景色的時候，人們深深的陶醉其中，並且更加愉悅；但實際觀看田園景色的時候卻沒有這種感受
8、觀感是信任的首要指標
要獲得人們的信任，首先網站的設計元素（色彩、字體、導航和佈局），然後再是內容。
9、聽音樂會釋放大腦中的多巴胺音樂可以帶來強烈的愉悅感；
人都都有愛聽的音樂帶來的強烈的愉悅感；
但是作用卻是因人而異，期待音樂中能帶來的音樂感受的片段於真正聽到音樂時候激發的大腦部位的神經遞質不同；
10、事情越難實現，人們越喜歡
認知失調理論，產品設計中，若加入一個社區步驟很多，人們會更重視這個社區（分情況，如果太複雜，也會流失用戶？當然如果好的，不會阻礙用戶，比如dribbble）。
11、人會高估對未來時間的反應
人對高興或不高興的事情反應強烈程度都會比自己預期的低；
12、人在事前或事後，感覺會更好
13、人在悲傷時或恐懼時，會想念熟悉的事物
人想要想要熟悉的事物，是害怕失去
你怎麼看？歡迎大家文末給阿倫老師留言！
The Senses
感官
Sensation is the process by which physical energy from objects in the world or in the body stimulates the sense organs. The brain interprets and organizes this sensory information in a process called Perception. Psychophysics is the study of how the physical properties of stimuli relate to people’s experience of stimuli. Research in psychophysics has revealed much information about the acuity of the senses.
感覺是世界上或體內物體的物理能量刺激感覺器官的過程。大腦在一個叫做感知的過程中解釋和組織這些感覺信息。心理物理學就是研究刺激的物理特性如何與人們對刺激的體驗相聯繫的學科。心理物理學的研究揭示了許多關於感官敏銳性的信息。
Measuring the Senses
測量感官
Psychologists assess the acuity of the senses in three ways:
Measuring the absolute threshold
Measuring the difference threshold
Applying signal detection theory
心理學家通過三種方式評估感官的敏銳度:
•測量絕對閾值
•測量閾值
•應用信號檢測理論的區別
The Absolute Threshold is the minimum amount of stimulation required for a person to detect the stimulus 50 percent of the time. The Difference Threshold is the smallest difference in stimulation that can be detected 50 percent of the time. The difference threshold is sometimes called the Just Noticeable Difference (Jnd), and it depends on the strength of the stimulus.
絕對閾值是一個人在50%的時間裡檢測到刺激所需的最小刺激量。差異閾值是刺激的最小差異，可以檢測到50%的時間。差異閾值有時被稱為剛剛明顯的差異(Jnd)，它取決於刺激的強度。
Example:
舉例：
If someone were comparing two weak stimuli, such as two very slightly sweet liquids, he’d be able to detect quite a small difference in the amount of sweetness. However, if he were comparing two intense stimuli, such as two extremely sweet liquids, he could detect only a much bigger difference in the amount of sweetness.
如果有人比較兩種微弱的刺激，比如兩種非常輕微的甜味液體，他就能發現甜味的量有相當小的差別。然而，如果他比較兩種強烈的刺激，比如兩種非常甜的液體，他只能發現甜味的量有更大的不同。
Weber’s Law
韋伯定律
Nineteenth-century psychologist Ernst Weber proposed a principle demonstrating the fact that we can’t detect the difference between two stimuli unless they differ by a certain proportion and that this proportion is constant. In other words, the just noticeable difference for a stimulus is in a fixed proportion to the magnitude of a stimulus. Weber’s Law holds true except in the most extreme kinds of stimulation.
19世紀的心理學家恩斯特·韋伯提出了一個原理，證明了這樣一個事實:除非兩種刺激有一定的比例不同，否則我們無法檢測出它們之間的區別，而且這個比例是恆定的。換句話說，刺激的唯一顯著區別是刺激的大小與刺激的大小成一定比例。韋伯定律適用於除最極端的刺激之外的所有情況。
The Senses
感官
Researchers use Signal Detection Theory to predict when a weak signal will be detected. This theory considers the fact that the ability to detect a signal depends not only on the strength of the signal but also on the perceiver’s experience, motivation, expectation, and degree of alertness. Different people respond differently to the same signal, and the same person may detect a particular signal at one time but not another. Furthermore, people can often detect one type of signal in a sensory modality such as hearing or vision but be oblivious to other types of signals in the same sensory modality.
研究人員利用信號檢測理論來預測微弱信號何時會被檢測到。該理論認為，感知信號的能力不僅取決於信號的強度，還取決於感知者的經驗、動機、期望和警覺性。不同的人對相同的信號有不同的反應，同一個人可能在同一時間檢測到一個特定的信號，而不是在另一個時間。此外，人們常常可以在聽覺或視覺等感覺形態中檢測到一種類型的信號，但對同一感覺形態中的其他類型的信號卻渾然不覺。
Sensory Adaptation
感覺適應
When people walk into a restaurant, they probably notice food smells right away. However, as they sit in the restaurant, the smells gradually become less noticeable. This phenomenon occurs because of sensory adaptation. Sensory Adaptation is the decrease in sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. The smells don’t disappear—the people just become less sensitive to them.
當人們走進一家餐廳，他們可能馬上就會注意到食物的味道。然而，當他們坐在餐廳裡時，氣味逐漸變得不那麼明顯了。這種現象的發生是由於感覺適應。感覺適應是對不變刺激的敏感度下降。氣味並沒有消失，只是人們對氣味的敏感度降低了。
Development of the Senses
感官的發展
Babies have all the basic sensory abilities and many perceptual skills, but these abilities develop and grow more sensitive over time. Babies can recognize the difference between a human voice and other sounds, and they can locate a sound’s origin. They can recognize the difference between smells and, very early on, can recognize their mother’s particular smell. As for taste, they can differentiate between sweet and salty. Babies also have fairly adept visual abilities. Soon after birth, they can distinguish objects of different colors and sizes. When they are just a few weeks old, they begin to differentiate among contrasts, shadows, and patterns, and they can perceive depth after just a few months.
嬰兒擁有所有的基本感覺能力和許多感知技能，但隨著時間的推移，這些能力會發展並變得更加敏感。嬰兒能夠識別人類聲音和其他聲音的區別，並且能夠確定聲音的來源。它們能辨別氣味，而且很早就能辨別出它們母親的特殊氣味。至於味道，它們可以區分甜和鹹。嬰兒也有相當熟練的視覺能力。出生後不久，它們就能分辨出不同顏色和大小的物體。當它們只有幾周大的時候，它們就開始在對比、陰影和圖案之間進行區分，幾個月後它們就能感知深度。
Sensitive Periods
敏感時期
Even innate perceptual skills need the right environment to develop properly. A lack of certain experiences during sensitive periods of development will impair a person’s ability to perceive the world.
即使是天生的感知能力也需要適當的環境來發展。在發展的敏感時期缺乏某些經驗會損害一個人感知世界的能力。
Example:
舉例：
People who were born blind but regain their vision in adulthood usually find the visual world confusing. Since these adults were blind in infancy, they missed the sensory experiences necessary for their visual system to develop fully.
生來失明但成年後視力恢復的人通常會對視覺世界感到困惑。由於這些成年人在嬰兒期失明，他們錯過了視覺系統發育所必需的感官體驗。
H. 韋伯，德國生理學家和心理學家。1795年6月24日生於維騰貝格，1878年1月26日卒於萊比錫。1815年在萊比錫大學獲博士學位並留校工作，1818年任解剖學和生理學助理教授，1821年任教授。直至1871年才退出教學工作。韋伯的主要研究在生理學方面，包括循環系統、耳、眼、肝臟，特別是皮膚方面。1834年，他用拉丁文寫了《觸覺論》，詳細報道了皮膚的壓覺、觸覺、溫覺、冷覺、位置覺以及肌覺、痛覺、關節覺等。著名的韋伯定律即發表於此。1846年為R.瓦格納編的《生理學詞典》寫了著名的《觸覺與一般感覺》一文。
1、七情六慾人皆有之
- 人的七種情感普遍存在，快樂、悲傷、蔑視、恐懼、厭惡、驚訝和憤怒
- 社交溝通時，使用這七種情緒的圖片溝通最為有效（表情包）
2、情感感知與肌肉運動相關聯
- 舉例，肉毒桿菌，可以舒緩肌肉，減少皺紋，經常注射肉毒桿菌的人無法通過肌肉運動表達情感，從而也無法感知情感
- 大腦映射情感，之前提過的鏡像神經元，能促使人們感同身受
3、故事比數據更有說服力
故事比數據有吸引力的原因是它的形式比較好，故事能夠引起共鳴，引發情感反饋。
4、氣味會激發情感和喚起回憶
不同的氣味可能引起生理上的不同變化。
5、人天生喜歡歡喜
杏仁核是處理情感的區域；伏隔閡。
6、忙碌時會更加愉悅
人在無所事事時，會感到不耐煩；
人喜歡做事，而不喜歡閒著（當然做的事都是有意義的）；如果一項工作需要等待，可以在等待中給予他們一些樂趣。
7、田園景色可以使人愉悅。可以修復人的注意力
在線瀏覽田園景色的時候，人們深深的陶醉其中，並且更加愉悅；但實際觀看田園景色的時候卻沒有這種感受
8、觀感是信任的首要指標
要獲得人們的信任，首先網站的設計元素（色彩、字體、導航和佈局），然後再是內容。
9、聽音樂會釋放大腦中的多巴胺音樂可以帶來強烈的愉悅感；
人都都有愛聽的音樂帶來的強烈的愉悅感；
但是作用卻是因人而異，期待音樂中能帶來的音樂感受的片段於真正聽到音樂時候激發的大腦部位的神經遞質不同；
10、事情越難實現，人們越喜歡
認知失調理論，產品設計中，若加入一個社區步驟很多，人們會更重視這個社區（分情況，如果太複雜，也會流失用戶？當然如果好的，不會阻礙用戶，比如dribbble）。
11、人會高估對未來時間的反應
人對高興或不高興的事情反應強烈程度都會比自己預期的低；
12、人在事前或事後，感覺會更好
13、人在悲傷時或恐懼時，會想念熟悉的事物
人想要想要熟悉的事物，是害怕失去
你怎麼看？歡迎大家文末給阿倫老師留言！
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The Senses
感官
Sensation is the process by which physical energy from objects in the world or in the body stimulates the sense organs. The brain interprets and organizes this sensory information in a process called Perception. Psychophysics is the study of how the physical properties of stimuli relate to people’s experience of stimuli. Research in psychophysics has revealed much information about the acuity of the senses.
感覺是世界上或體內物體的物理能量刺激感覺器官的過程。大腦在一個叫做感知的過程中解釋和組織這些感覺信息。心理物理學就是研究刺激的物理特性如何與人們對刺激的體驗相聯繫的學科。心理物理學的研究揭示了許多關於感官敏銳性的信息。
Measuring the Senses
測量感官
Psychologists assess the acuity of the senses in three ways:
Measuring the absolute threshold
Measuring the difference threshold
Applying signal detection theory
心理學家通過三種方式評估感官的敏銳度:
•測量絕對閾值
•測量閾值
•應用信號檢測理論的區別
The Absolute Threshold is the minimum amount of stimulation required for a person to detect the stimulus 50 percent of the time. The Difference Threshold is the smallest difference in stimulation that can be detected 50 percent of the time. The difference threshold is sometimes called the Just Noticeable Difference (Jnd), and it depends on the strength of the stimulus.
絕對閾值是一個人在50%的時間裡檢測到刺激所需的最小刺激量。差異閾值是刺激的最小差異，可以檢測到50%的時間。差異閾值有時被稱為剛剛明顯的差異(Jnd)，它取決於刺激的強度。
Example:
舉例：
If someone were comparing two weak stimuli, such as two very slightly sweet liquids, he’d be able to detect quite a small difference in the amount of sweetness. However, if he were comparing two intense stimuli, such as two extremely sweet liquids, he could detect only a much bigger difference in the amount of sweetness.
如果有人比較兩種微弱的刺激，比如兩種非常輕微的甜味液體，他就能發現甜味的量有相當小的差別。然而，如果他比較兩種強烈的刺激，比如兩種非常甜的液體，他只能發現甜味的量有更大的不同。
Weber’s Law
韋伯定律
Nineteenth-century psychologist Ernst Weber proposed a principle demonstrating the fact that we can’t detect the difference between two stimuli unless they differ by a certain proportion and that this proportion is constant. In other words, the just noticeable difference for a stimulus is in a fixed proportion to the magnitude of a stimulus. Weber’s Law holds true except in the most extreme kinds of stimulation.
19世紀的心理學家恩斯特·韋伯提出了一個原理，證明了這樣一個事實:除非兩種刺激有一定的比例不同，否則我們無法檢測出它們之間的區別，而且這個比例是恆定的。換句話說，刺激的唯一顯著區別是刺激的大小與刺激的大小成一定比例。韋伯定律適用於除最極端的刺激之外的所有情況。
The Senses
感官
Researchers use Signal Detection Theory to predict when a weak signal will be detected. This theory considers the fact that the ability to detect a signal depends not only on the strength of the signal but also on the perceiver’s experience, motivation, expectation, and degree of alertness. Different people respond differently to the same signal, and the same person may detect a particular signal at one time but not another. Furthermore, people can often detect one type of signal in a sensory modality such as hearing or vision but be oblivious to other types of signals in the same sensory modality.
研究人員利用信號檢測理論來預測微弱信號何時會被檢測到。該理論認為，感知信號的能力不僅取決於信號的強度，還取決於感知者的經驗、動機、期望和警覺性。不同的人對相同的信號有不同的反應，同一個人可能在同一時間檢測到一個特定的信號，而不是在另一個時間。此外，人們常常可以在聽覺或視覺等感覺形態中檢測到一種類型的信號，但對同一感覺形態中的其他類型的信號卻渾然不覺。
Sensory Adaptation
感覺適應
When people walk into a restaurant, they probably notice food smells right away. However, as they sit in the restaurant, the smells gradually become less noticeable. This phenomenon occurs because of sensory adaptation. Sensory Adaptation is the decrease in sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. The smells don’t disappear—the people just become less sensitive to them.
當人們走進一家餐廳，他們可能馬上就會注意到食物的味道。然而，當他們坐在餐廳裡時，氣味逐漸變得不那麼明顯了。這種現象的發生是由於感覺適應。感覺適應是對不變刺激的敏感度下降。氣味並沒有消失，只是人們對氣味的敏感度降低了。
Development of the Senses
感官的發展
Babies have all the basic sensory abilities and many perceptual skills, but these abilities develop and grow more sensitive over time. Babies can recognize the difference between a human voice and other sounds, and they can locate a sound’s origin. They can recognize the difference between smells and, very early on, can recognize their mother’s particular smell. As for taste, they can differentiate between sweet and salty. Babies also have fairly adept visual abilities. Soon after birth, they can distinguish objects of different colors and sizes. When they are just a few weeks old, they begin to differentiate among contrasts, shadows, and patterns, and they can perceive depth after just a few months.
嬰兒擁有所有的基本感覺能力和許多感知技能，但隨著時間的推移，這些能力會發展並變得更加敏感。嬰兒能夠識別人類聲音和其他聲音的區別，並且能夠確定聲音的來源。它們能辨別氣味，而且很早就能辨別出它們母親的特殊氣味。至於味道，它們可以區分甜和鹹。嬰兒也有相當熟練的視覺能力。出生後不久，它們就能分辨出不同顏色和大小的物體。當它們只有幾周大的時候，它們就開始在對比、陰影和圖案之間進行區分，幾個月後它們就能感知深度。
Sensitive Periods
敏感時期
Even innate perceptual skills need the right environment to develop properly. A lack of certain experiences during sensitive periods of development will impair a person’s ability to perceive the world.
即使是天生的感知能力也需要適當的環境來發展。在發展的敏感時期缺乏某些經驗會損害一個人感知世界的能力。
Example:
舉例：
People who were born blind but regain their vision in adulthood usually find the visual world confusing. Since these adults were blind in infancy, they missed the sensory experiences necessary for their visual system to develop fully.
生來失明但成年後視力恢復的人通常會對視覺世界感到困惑。由於這些成年人在嬰兒期失明，他們錯過了視覺系統發育所必需的感官體驗。
H. 韋伯，德國生理學家和心理學家。1795年6月24日生於維騰貝格，1878年1月26日卒於萊比錫。1815年在萊比錫大學獲博士學位並留校工作，1818年任解剖學和生理學助理教授，1821年任教授。直至1871年才退出教學工作。韋伯的主要研究在生理學方面，包括循環系統、耳、眼、肝臟，特別是皮膚方面。1834年，他用拉丁文寫了《觸覺論》，詳細報道了皮膚的壓覺、觸覺、溫覺、冷覺、位置覺以及肌覺、痛覺、關節覺等。著名的韋伯定律即發表於此。1846年為R.瓦格納編的《生理學詞典》寫了著名的《觸覺與一般感覺》一文。
1、七情六慾人皆有之
- 人的七種情感普遍存在，快樂、悲傷、蔑視、恐懼、厭惡、驚訝和憤怒
- 社交溝通時，使用這七種情緒的圖片溝通最為有效（表情包）
2、情感感知與肌肉運動相關聯
- 舉例，肉毒桿菌，可以舒緩肌肉，減少皺紋，經常注射肉毒桿菌的人無法通過肌肉運動表達情感，從而也無法感知情感
- 大腦映射情感，之前提過的鏡像神經元，能促使人們感同身受
3、故事比數據更有說服力
故事比數據有吸引力的原因是它的形式比較好，故事能夠引起共鳴，引發情感反饋。
4、氣味會激發情感和喚起回憶
不同的氣味可能引起生理上的不同變化。
5、人天生喜歡歡喜
杏仁核是處理情感的區域；伏隔閡。
6、忙碌時會更加愉悅
人在無所事事時，會感到不耐煩；
人喜歡做事，而不喜歡閒著（當然做的事都是有意義的）；如果一項工作需要等待，可以在等待中給予他們一些樂趣。
7、田園景色可以使人愉悅。可以修復人的注意力
在線瀏覽田園景色的時候，人們深深的陶醉其中，並且更加愉悅；但實際觀看田園景色的時候卻沒有這種感受
8、觀感是信任的首要指標
要獲得人們的信任，首先網站的設計元素（色彩、字體、導航和佈局），然後再是內容。
9、聽音樂會釋放大腦中的多巴胺音樂可以帶來強烈的愉悅感；
人都都有愛聽的音樂帶來的強烈的愉悅感；
但是作用卻是因人而異，期待音樂中能帶來的音樂感受的片段於真正聽到音樂時候激發的大腦部位的神經遞質不同；
10、事情越難實現，人們越喜歡
認知失調理論，產品設計中，若加入一個社區步驟很多，人們會更重視這個社區（分情況，如果太複雜，也會流失用戶？當然如果好的，不會阻礙用戶，比如dribbble）。
11、人會高估對未來時間的反應
人對高興或不高興的事情反應強烈程度都會比自己預期的低；
12、人在事前或事後，感覺會更好
13、人在悲傷時或恐懼時，會想念熟悉的事物
人想要想要熟悉的事物，是害怕失去
你怎麼看？歡迎大家文末給阿倫老師留言！
1984，永不再來 ——讀奧威爾《1984》
喬治 奧威爾：多一個人讀《一九八四》，這世界上就多了一個自由的靈魂
【經典重讀】殺死一隻知更鳥 | 即使結局註定失敗, 也不能放棄開始的勇氣
【經典重讀】殺死一隻知更鳥 | 即使結局註定失敗, 也不能放棄開始的勇氣
【重溫經典】殺死一隻知更鳥：願我們都做一個勇敢的人
可口可樂又來搞事情了，作為塑料瓶的大用戶，又有新動作
有機化學工業從這一抹紫色開始
這個華人將成下一任美國總統？民調支持率第一！
校園危機事件後，別忽略學生的心理創傷
為什麼美國STEM專業，擠破頭也要進？
好萊塢愛上日漫! 熱門IP要拍成美國大片！
與常春藤院校學生相比, 普通大學的學生少讀了哪些書？
■託福提分月計劃課程（在線小班）
■ SAT精英課程（在線小班）
■ 託福寫作/SAT寫作/GRE寫作批改服務（48h內回覆）
*更多TOEFL丨SAT丨AP | GRE實用的提分祕籍和有趣好玩的視頻課程，關注微信公眾號"SATPEDIA"。
The Senses
感官
Sensation is the process by which physical energy from objects in the world or in the body stimulates the sense organs. The brain interprets and organizes this sensory information in a process called Perception. Psychophysics is the study of how the physical properties of stimuli relate to people’s experience of stimuli. Research in psychophysics has revealed much information about the acuity of the senses.
感覺是世界上或體內物體的物理能量刺激感覺器官的過程。大腦在一個叫做感知的過程中解釋和組織這些感覺信息。心理物理學就是研究刺激的物理特性如何與人們對刺激的體驗相聯繫的學科。心理物理學的研究揭示了許多關於感官敏銳性的信息。
Measuring the Senses
測量感官
Psychologists assess the acuity of the senses in three ways:
Measuring the absolute threshold
Measuring the difference threshold
Applying signal detection theory
心理學家通過三種方式評估感官的敏銳度:
•測量絕對閾值
•測量閾值
•應用信號檢測理論的區別
The Absolute Threshold is the minimum amount of stimulation required for a person to detect the stimulus 50 percent of the time. The Difference Threshold is the smallest difference in stimulation that can be detected 50 percent of the time. The difference threshold is sometimes called the Just Noticeable Difference (Jnd), and it depends on the strength of the stimulus.
絕對閾值是一個人在50%的時間裡檢測到刺激所需的最小刺激量。差異閾值是刺激的最小差異，可以檢測到50%的時間。差異閾值有時被稱為剛剛明顯的差異(Jnd)，它取決於刺激的強度。
Example:
舉例：
If someone were comparing two weak stimuli, such as two very slightly sweet liquids, he’d be able to detect quite a small difference in the amount of sweetness. However, if he were comparing two intense stimuli, such as two extremely sweet liquids, he could detect only a much bigger difference in the amount of sweetness.
如果有人比較兩種微弱的刺激，比如兩種非常輕微的甜味液體，他就能發現甜味的量有相當小的差別。然而，如果他比較兩種強烈的刺激，比如兩種非常甜的液體，他只能發現甜味的量有更大的不同。
Weber’s Law
韋伯定律
Nineteenth-century psychologist Ernst Weber proposed a principle demonstrating the fact that we can’t detect the difference between two stimuli unless they differ by a certain proportion and that this proportion is constant. In other words, the just noticeable difference for a stimulus is in a fixed proportion to the magnitude of a stimulus. Weber’s Law holds true except in the most extreme kinds of stimulation.
19世紀的心理學家恩斯特·韋伯提出了一個原理，證明了這樣一個事實:除非兩種刺激有一定的比例不同，否則我們無法檢測出它們之間的區別，而且這個比例是恆定的。換句話說，刺激的唯一顯著區別是刺激的大小與刺激的大小成一定比例。韋伯定律適用於除最極端的刺激之外的所有情況。
The Senses
感官
Researchers use Signal Detection Theory to predict when a weak signal will be detected. This theory considers the fact that the ability to detect a signal depends not only on the strength of the signal but also on the perceiver’s experience, motivation, expectation, and degree of alertness. Different people respond differently to the same signal, and the same person may detect a particular signal at one time but not another. Furthermore, people can often detect one type of signal in a sensory modality such as hearing or vision but be oblivious to other types of signals in the same sensory modality.
研究人員利用信號檢測理論來預測微弱信號何時會被檢測到。該理論認為，感知信號的能力不僅取決於信號的強度，還取決於感知者的經驗、動機、期望和警覺性。不同的人對相同的信號有不同的反應，同一個人可能在同一時間檢測到一個特定的信號，而不是在另一個時間。此外，人們常常可以在聽覺或視覺等感覺形態中檢測到一種類型的信號，但對同一感覺形態中的其他類型的信號卻渾然不覺。
Sensory Adaptation
感覺適應
When people walk into a restaurant, they probably notice food smells right away. However, as they sit in the restaurant, the smells gradually become less noticeable. This phenomenon occurs because of sensory adaptation. Sensory Adaptation is the decrease in sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. The smells don’t disappear—the people just become less sensitive to them.
當人們走進一家餐廳，他們可能馬上就會注意到食物的味道。然而，當他們坐在餐廳裡時，氣味逐漸變得不那麼明顯了。這種現象的發生是由於感覺適應。感覺適應是對不變刺激的敏感度下降。氣味並沒有消失，只是人們對氣味的敏感度降低了。
Development of the Senses
感官的發展
Babies have all the basic sensory abilities and many perceptual skills, but these abilities develop and grow more sensitive over time. Babies can recognize the difference between a human voice and other sounds, and they can locate a sound’s origin. They can recognize the difference between smells and, very early on, can recognize their mother’s particular smell. As for taste, they can differentiate between sweet and salty. Babies also have fairly adept visual abilities. Soon after birth, they can distinguish objects of different colors and sizes. When they are just a few weeks old, they begin to differentiate among contrasts, shadows, and patterns, and they can perceive depth after just a few months.
嬰兒擁有所有的基本感覺能力和許多感知技能，但隨著時間的推移，這些能力會發展並變得更加敏感。嬰兒能夠識別人類聲音和其他聲音的區別，並且能夠確定聲音的來源。它們能辨別氣味，而且很早就能辨別出它們母親的特殊氣味。至於味道，它們可以區分甜和鹹。嬰兒也有相當熟練的視覺能力。出生後不久，它們就能分辨出不同顏色和大小的物體。當它們只有幾周大的時候，它們就開始在對比、陰影和圖案之間進行區分，幾個月後它們就能感知深度。
Sensitive Periods
敏感時期
Even innate perceptual skills need the right environment to develop properly. A lack of certain experiences during sensitive periods of development will impair a person’s ability to perceive the world.
即使是天生的感知能力也需要適當的環境來發展。在發展的敏感時期缺乏某些經驗會損害一個人感知世界的能力。
Example:
舉例：
People who were born blind but regain their vision in adulthood usually find the visual world confusing. Since these adults were blind in infancy, they missed the sensory experiences necessary for their visual system to develop fully.
生來失明但成年後視力恢復的人通常會對視覺世界感到困惑。由於這些成年人在嬰兒期失明，他們錯過了視覺系統發育所必需的感官體驗。
H. 韋伯，德國生理學家和心理學家。1795年6月24日生於維騰貝格，1878年1月26日卒於萊比錫。1815年在萊比錫大學獲博士學位並留校工作，1818年任解剖學和生理學助理教授，1821年任教授。直至1871年才退出教學工作。韋伯的主要研究在生理學方面，包括循環系統、耳、眼、肝臟，特別是皮膚方面。1834年，他用拉丁文寫了《觸覺論》，詳細報道了皮膚的壓覺、觸覺、溫覺、冷覺、位置覺以及肌覺、痛覺、關節覺等。著名的韋伯定律即發表於此。1846年為R.瓦格納編的《生理學詞典》寫了著名的《觸覺與一般感覺》一文。
1、七情六慾人皆有之
- 人的七種情感普遍存在，快樂、悲傷、蔑視、恐懼、厭惡、驚訝和憤怒
- 社交溝通時，使用這七種情緒的圖片溝通最為有效（表情包）
2、情感感知與肌肉運動相關聯
- 舉例，肉毒桿菌，可以舒緩肌肉，減少皺紋，經常注射肉毒桿菌的人無法通過肌肉運動表達情感，從而也無法感知情感
- 大腦映射情感，之前提過的鏡像神經元，能促使人們感同身受
3、故事比數據更有說服力
故事比數據有吸引力的原因是它的形式比較好，故事能夠引起共鳴，引發情感反饋。
4、氣味會激發情感和喚起回憶
不同的氣味可能引起生理上的不同變化。
5、人天生喜歡歡喜
杏仁核是處理情感的區域；伏隔閡。
6、忙碌時會更加愉悅
人在無所事事時，會感到不耐煩；
人喜歡做事，而不喜歡閒著（當然做的事都是有意義的）；如果一項工作需要等待，可以在等待中給予他們一些樂趣。
7、田園景色可以使人愉悅。可以修復人的注意力
在線瀏覽田園景色的時候，人們深深的陶醉其中，並且更加愉悅；但實際觀看田園景色的時候卻沒有這種感受
8、觀感是信任的首要指標
要獲得人們的信任，首先網站的設計元素（色彩、字體、導航和佈局），然後再是內容。
9、聽音樂會釋放大腦中的多巴胺音樂可以帶來強烈的愉悅感；
人都都有愛聽的音樂帶來的強烈的愉悅感；
但是作用卻是因人而異，期待音樂中能帶來的音樂感受的片段於真正聽到音樂時候激發的大腦部位的神經遞質不同；
10、事情越難實現，人們越喜歡
認知失調理論，產品設計中，若加入一個社區步驟很多，人們會更重視這個社區（分情況，如果太複雜，也會流失用戶？當然如果好的，不會阻礙用戶，比如dribbble）。
11、人會高估對未來時間的反應
人對高興或不高興的事情反應強烈程度都會比自己預期的低；
12、人在事前或事後，感覺會更好
13、人在悲傷時或恐懼時，會想念熟悉的事物
人想要想要熟悉的事物，是害怕失去
你怎麼看？歡迎大家文末給阿倫老師留言！
1984，永不再來 ——讀奧威爾《1984》
喬治 奧威爾：多一個人讀《一九八四》，這世界上就多了一個自由的靈魂
【經典重讀】殺死一隻知更鳥 | 即使結局註定失敗, 也不能放棄開始的勇氣
【經典重讀】殺死一隻知更鳥 | 即使結局註定失敗, 也不能放棄開始的勇氣
【重溫經典】殺死一隻知更鳥：願我們都做一個勇敢的人
可口可樂又來搞事情了，作為塑料瓶的大用戶，又有新動作
有機化學工業從這一抹紫色開始
這個華人將成下一任美國總統？民調支持率第一！
校園危機事件後，別忽略學生的心理創傷
為什麼美國STEM專業，擠破頭也要進？
好萊塢愛上日漫! 熱門IP要拍成美國大片！
與常春藤院校學生相比, 普通大學的學生少讀了哪些書？
■託福提分月計劃課程（在線小班）
■ SAT精英課程（在線小班）
■ 託福寫作/SAT寫作/GRE寫作批改服務（48h內回覆）
*更多TOEFL丨SAT丨AP | GRE實用的提分祕籍和有趣好玩的視頻課程，關注微信公眾號"SATPEDIA"。