'小學英語語法總結'

一、名詞複數規則

1．一般情況下，直接加-s，如： book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds

2．以s. x. sh. ch結尾，加-es，如： bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches

3． 以“輔音字母+y”結尾，變y為i, 再加-es，如： family-families, strawberry-strawberries

4、以“f或fe”結尾，變f或fe為v, 再加-es，（但有一個特例：roof→roofs）。

如： knife-knives leaf-leaves wife-wives thief-thieves wolf-wolves

5．以“o”結尾的單詞，如果有生命，加-es；如果沒有生命，加-s。

如：①有生命：potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes mango-mangoes

hero-heroes Negro- Negroes

②沒生命：radio-radios piano-pianos photo-photos zoo-zoos

6．不規則名詞的複數變化：

（一）完全不規則：

woman-women policeman-policemen policewoman-policewomen

mouse-mice child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth man-men

（二）單數複數詞形相同：

fish-fish sheep-sheep deer-deer people-people

Chinese-Chinese Japanese-Japanese

小練習

寫出下列各詞的複數

I _________him _________this ___________her ______

watch _______child _______photo ________diary ______

day________ foot________ book_______ dress ________

tooth_______ sheep ______box_______ strawberry _____

thief _______yo-yo ______ peach______ sandwich ______

man______ woman_______ paper_______ juice___________

water________ milk________ rice__________ tea__________

二、一般現在時

【No. 1】一般現在時的功能

1.表示事物或人物的特徵、狀態。如：The sky is blue.天空是藍色的。

2.表示經常性或習慣性的動作。如：I get up at six every day.我每天六點起床。

3.表示客觀現實。如：The earth goes around the sun.地球繞著太陽轉。

一般現在時的構成

1. be動詞：主語+be(am,is,are)+其它。如： I am a boy.我是一個男孩。

2.行為動詞：主語+行為動詞(+其它)。如： We study English.我們學習英語。 當主語為第三人稱單數(he, she,it)時，要在動詞後加"-s"或"-es"。如：Mary likes Chinese.瑪麗喜歡漢語。

一般現在時的變化

1. be動詞的變化。

否定句：主語+ be + not +其它。 如：He is not a worker.他不是工人。

一般疑問句：Be +主語+其它。 如：-Are you a student?

-Yes. I am. / No, I'm not.

特殊疑問句：疑問詞+一般疑問句。如：Where is my bike?

2.行為動詞的變化。

否定句：主語+ don't( doesn't ) +動詞原形(+其它)。如：

I don't like bread.

當主語為第三人稱單數時，要用doesn't構成否定句。如：

He doesn't often play.

一般疑問句：Do( Does ) +主語+動詞原形+其它。如：

- Do you often play football? - Yes, I do. / No, I don't.

當主語為第三人稱單數時，要用does構成一般疑問句。如：

- Does she go to work by bike? - Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't.

特殊疑問句：疑問詞+一般疑問句。如：How does your father go to work?

動詞+s的變化規則

1．一般情況下，直接加-s，如：cook-cooks, milk-milks

2．以s. x. sh. ch. o結尾，加-es，如：guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes

3．以“輔音字母+y”結尾，變y為i, 再加-es，如：study-studies

小練習

一、 寫出下列動詞的第三人稱單數

drink ________ go _______ stay ________ make ________

look _________ have_______ pass_______ carry ____

come________ watch______ plant_______ fly ________

study_______ brush________ do_________ teach_______

二、用括號內動詞的適當形式填空。

1. He often ________(have) dinner at home.

2. Daniel and Tommy _______(be) in Class One.

3. We _______(not watch) TV on Monday.

4. Nick _______(not go) to the zoo on Sunday.

5. ______ they ________(like) the World Cup?

6. What _______they often _______(do) on Saturdays?

7. _______ your parents _______(read) newspapers every day?

8. The girl _______(teach) us English on Sundays.

9. She and I ________(take) a walk together every evening.

10. There ________(be) some water in the bottle.

11. Mike _______(like) cooking.

12. They _______(have) the same hobby.

13. My aunt _______(look) after her baby carefully.

14. You always _______(do) your homework well.

15. I _______(be) ill. I’m staying in bed.

16. She _______(go) to school from Monday to Friday.

17. Liu Tao _______(do) not like PE.

18. The child often _______(watch) TV in the evening.

19. Su Hai and Su Yang _______(have) eight lessons this term.

20. －What day _______(be) it today?

－ It’s Saturday.

三、現在進行時

1．現在進行時表示現在正在進行或發生的動作，也可表示當前一段時間內的活動或現階段正在進行的動作。

2．現在進行時的肯定句基本結構為be+動詞ing.

3．現在進行時的否定句在be後加not。

4．現在進行時的一般疑問句把be動詞調到句首。

5．現在進行時的特殊疑問的基本結構為：

疑問詞不達意 + be + 主語 + 動詞ing?

但疑問詞當主語時其結構為：

疑問詞不達意 + be + 動詞ing?

動詞加ing的變化規則

1．一般情況下，直接加ing，如：cook-cooking

2．以不發音的e結尾，去e加ing，如：make-making, taste-tasting

3．如果末尾是一個元音字母和一個輔音字母，雙寫末尾的輔音字母，再加ing，如：run-running, stop-stopping

小練習

一、寫出下列動詞的現在分詞：

play________ run__________ swim _________make__________

go_________ like________ write________ _ski___________

read________ have_________ sing ________ dance_________

put_________ see________ buy _________ love____________

live_______ take_________ come ________ get_________

stop_________ sit ________ begin________ shop___________

二、用所給的動詞的正確形式填空：

1.The boy __________________ ( draw)a picture now.

2. Listen .Some girls _______________ ( sing)in the classroom .

3. My mother _________________ ( cook )some nice food now.

4. What _____ you ______ ( do ) now?

5. Look . They _______________( have) an English lesson .

6.They ____________(not ,water) the flowers now.

7.Look! the girls ________________(dance )in the classroom .

8.What is our granddaughter doing? She _________(listen ) to music.

9. It’s 5 o’clock now. We _____________(have)supper now

10.______Helen____________(wash )clothes? Yes ,she is .

四、一般將來時

一、概念：表示將要發生的動作或存在的狀態及打算、計劃或準備做某事。句中一般有以下時間狀語：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, the day after tomorrow（後天）等。

二、基本結構：

①be going to + do；

②will+ do.

三、否定句：在be動詞（am, is, are）l後加not或情態動詞will後加not成won’t。

例如：I’m going to have a picnic this afternoon.→ I’m not going to have a picnic this afternoon.

四、一般疑問句： be或will提到句首，some改為any, and改為or，第一二人稱互換。 例如：We are going to go on an outing this weekend. → Are you going to go on an outing this weekend?

五、對劃線部分提問。一般情況，一般將來時的對劃線部分有三種情況。

1.問人。Who 例如：I’m going to New York soon. →Who’s going to New York soon.

2.問幹什麼。What … do.例如： My father is going to watch a race with me this afternoon. →What is your father going to do with you this afternoon.

3. 問什麼時候。When.例如：She’s going to go to bed at nine. →When is she going to bed?

六、同義句：be going to = will

I am going to go swimming tomorrow（明天）. = I will go swimming tomorrow.

小練習

1.我打算明天和朋友去野炊。

I_____ _______ _________ have a picnic with my friends.

I ________ have a picnic with my friends.

2.下個星期一你打算去幹嘛? 我想去打籃球。

What ________ ________ _________ _________ _________ next Monday? I _______ ______ _____ play basketball.

What _________ you do next Monday? I ________ play basketball.

3. 你媽媽這個週末去購物嗎？是，她要去買一些水果。

_____ your mother _______ ________ go shopping this ___________?

Yes, she _________. She ______ ________ __________ buy some fruit.

4. 你們打算什麼時候見面。

What time _______ you _________ __________ meet?

改句子。

5. Nancy is going to go camping.（改否定）

Nancy ________ going to go camping.

6. I’ll go and join them.（改否定） I _______ go ______ join them.

7. I’m going to get up at 6:30 tomorrow.（改一般疑問句）

________ _______ ________ to get up at 6:30 tomorrow?

8. We will meet at the bus stop at 10:30.（改一般疑問句）

_______ ________ meet at the bus stop at 10:30.

9. She is going to listen to music after school.（對劃線部分提問）

________ _______ she ________ ________ _________ after school?

10. My father and mother are going to see a play the day after tomorrow.(同上) _________ _________ going to see a play the day after tomorrow.

用所給詞的適當形式填空。

11. Today is a sunny day. We ___________________ (have) a picnic this afternoon.

12. My brother _______________ (go) to Shanghai next week.

13. Tom often ______________(go) to school on foot. But today is rain. He ______________ (go) to school by bike.

14.What do you usually do at weekends? I usually __________ (watch) TV and ____________(catch) insects?

15. It’s Friday today. What _____she _________ (do) this weekend? She ______________ (watch) TV and _____________ (catch) insects.

16. What ___________ (d0) you do last Sunday? I ____________ (pick) apples on a farm. What ______________ (do) next Sunday? I ______________ (milk) cows.

17. Mary ____________ (visit) her grandparents tomorrow.

18. Liu Tao ____________ (fly) kites in the playground yesterday.

19. David ______________ (give) a puppet show next Monday.

20. I ________________ (plan) for my study now

五、形容詞和副詞的比較級

一、形容詞的比較級

1、形容詞比較級在句子中的運用：兩個事物或人的比較用比較級，比較級後面一般帶有單詞than。比較級前面可以用more, a little 來修飾表示程度。than後的人稱代詞用主格（口語中可用賓格）。

2．形容詞加er的規則：

⑴一般在詞尾加er ；

⑵以字母e 結尾，加r ；

⑶以一個元音字母和一個輔音字母結尾，應雙寫末尾的輔音字母，再加er ；

⑷以“輔音字母+y”結尾，先把y變i，再加er 。

3．不規則形容詞比較級：

good-better, beautiful-more beautiful

二、副詞的比較級

1．形容詞與副詞的區別 (有be用形，有形用be；有動用副，有副用動)

⑴在句子中形容詞一般處於名詞之前或be動詞之後

⑵副詞在句子中最常見的是處於實義動詞之後

2．副詞比較級的變化規則基本與形容詞比較級相同 (不規則變化：well-better, far-farther)

小練習

一)、寫出下列形容詞或副詞的比較級

old__________ young________ tall_______ long________

short________ strong________ big________ small_______

fat_________ thin__________ heavy______ light________

nice_________ good_________ beautiful__________________

low__________ high_________ slow_______ fast________

late__________ early_________ far_________ well_______

二)、根據句意填入單詞的正確形式：

1. My brother is two years __________(old)than me.

2. Tom is as ________(fat) as Jim.

3. Is your sister __________(young) than you? Yes,she is.

4. Who is ___________(thin),you or Helen? Helen is.

5. Whose pencil-box is __________(big),yours or hers? Hers is.

6. Mary’s hair is as __________(long) as Lucy’s.

7.Ben ______ (jump) ________ (high) than some of the boys in his class.

8.________ Nancy sing __________ (well) than Helen? Yes, she _____.

9.Fangfang is not as _________ (tall) as the other girls.

10.My eyes are __________(big) than ________ (she)..

11.Which is ___________(heavy),the elephant or the pig?

12.Who gets up _________(early),Tim or Tom?

13._____the girls get up_______(early) than the boys?No,they______.

14. Jim runs _____(slow). But Ben runs _____(slow).

15.The child doesn’t______(write) as ____(fast) as the students.

六、一般過去時

1．一般過去時表示過去某個時間發生的動作或存在的狀態，常和表示過去的時間狀語連用。一般過去時也表示過去經常或反覆發生的動作感謝。

2．Be動詞在一般過去時中的變化：

⑴am 和is在一般過去時中變為was。（was not=wasn’t）

⑵are在一般過去時中變為were。（were not=weren’t）

⑶帶有was或were的句子，其否定、疑問的變化和is, am, are一樣，即否定句在was或were後加not，一般疑問句把was或were調到句首。

3．句中沒有be動詞的一般過去時的句子

否定句：didn’t +動詞原形，如：Jim didn’t go home yesterday.

一般疑問句：在句首加did，句子中的動詞過去式變回原形。

如：Did Jim go home yesterday?

特殊疑問句：⑴疑問詞+did+主語+動詞原形？ 如： What did Jim do yesterday?

⑵疑問詞當主語時：疑問詞+動詞過去式？ 如：Who went to home yesterday?

動詞過去式變化規則：

1．一般在動詞末尾加-ed，如：pull-pulled, cook-cooked

2．結尾是e加d，如：taste-tasted

3．末尾只有一個元音字母和一個輔音字母的重讀閉音節，應雙寫末尾的輔音字母，再加-ed，如：stop-stopped

4．以“輔音字母+y”結尾的，變y為i， 再加-ed，如：study-studied

5．不規則動詞過去式：

am,is-was, are-were, do-did, see-saw, say-said, give-gave, get-got, go-went, come-came, have-had, eat-ate, take-took, run-ran, sing-sang, put-put, make-made, read-read, write-wrote, draw-drew, drink-drank, fly-flew, ride-rode, speak-spoke, sweep-swept, swim-swam, sit-sat

小練習

一般過去時練習

寫出下列動詞的過去式

is\\am_________ fly_______ plant________ are ________

drink_________ play_______ go________ make ________

does_________ dance________ worry________ ask _____

taste_________ eat__________ draw________ put ______

throw________ kick_________ pass_______ do ________

Be動詞的過去時練習

一、用be動詞的適當形式填空

1. I _______ at school just now.

2. He ________ at the camp last week.

3. We ________ students two years ago.

4. They ________ on the farm a moment ago.

5. Yang Ling ________ eleven years old last year.

6. There ________ an apple on the plate yesterday.

7. There ________ some milk in the fridge on Sunday.

8. The mobile phone _______ on the sofa yesterday evening.

行為動詞的過去時練習

一、用行為動詞的適當形式填空

1. He _________ (live) in Wuxi two years ago.

2. The cat ________ (eat) a bird last night.

3. We _______ (have) a party last Halloween.

4. Nancy ________ (pick) up oranges on the farm last week.

5. I ________ (make) a model ship with Mike yesterday.

6. They ________ (play) chess in the classroom last PE lesson.

7. My mother _______ (cook) a nice food last Spring Festival.

8. The girls ________ (sing) and _______ (dance) at the party.

七、時間介詞要點

1．at

表示時間概念的某一個點。（在某時刻、時間、階段等）。

at 1：00（dawn，midnight，noon）在一點鐘（黎明、午夜、中午）

these are our chief tasks at the present stage．這些就是我們現階段的主要任務。

2．on

1）表示具體日期。

they arrived in shanghai on may

他們在五月二十五日到達上海。

注：（1）關於"在週末"的幾種表示法：

at（on）the weekend在週末---特指

at（on）weekends在週末---泛指

over the weekend在整個週末

during the weekend在週末期間

（2）在聖誕節，應說"at christmas而不說"on christmas

2）在（剛……）的時候。

on reaching the city he called up his parents．一到城裡他就給父母打了一個電話。

3．in

1）表示"時段"、"時期"，在多數情況下可以和dur- ing互換，前者強調對比，後者強調持續。 in（during）1988（december，the 20th century）在一九八八年（十二月、二十世紀）

i returned to beijing in the middle of june．我是六月中回北京的。 但如果表示"在某項活動的期間"，則只能用during。

during my military service（the trip）在我服役期間（在旅行期間）

2）表示以說話時間為基點的"（若干時間）以後"，常用作將來時態謂語的時間狀語。如這時要表示"（若干時間）內"，常用within。

比較：

the meeting will end in 30minutes．（三十分鐘後）會議三十分鐘後結束。

can you finish it within 30minutes？（三十分鐘內）你能在三十分鐘之內完成這件事嗎？

但在過去時態中，in可用於表"在若干時間以內"，這時不要誤用during。 the job was done during a week．（wrong）

the job was done in a week．（right）這工作在一星期內就完成了。

4．after

表示"在（某具體時間）以後"，注意不要和in的2）意混淆。

after supper（8o’clock，the war）晚飯（八點、戰）後 比較：he will be back in two hours．他將在兩個小時以後回來。

he returned tohis hometown after the war．戰後他回到了故鄉。

5．for

表示"（動作延續）若干時間"，有時可省略。 i stayed in london（for）two days on my way to new york．在去紐約的途中，我在倫敦呆了兩天。

6．since

表示"自（某具體時間）以來"，常用作完成時態謂語的時間狀語。

since liberation（1980）自從解放（1980年）以來 they have been close friends since childhood．他們從小就是好朋友。 注：

（1）since the war是指"自從戰爭結束以來"，若指"自從戰爭開始以來"，須說"since the beginning of the war"。

（2）不要將since與after混淆。 比較：he has worked here since 1965．（指一段時間，強調時間段）自從1965年以來，他一直在這兒工作。 he began to work here after 1965．（指一點時間，強調時間點）從1965年以後，他開始在這兒工作。

7．by

表示"到……的時候"，其謂語時態的用法：動作動詞常用完成時態；狀態動詞（be）常用一般時態。

比較：

by noon，everybody had（will have）arrived there． by noon，everybody were（will be）there． 到中午的時候，大家都（將）到那兒了。 以上探討了介詞表示時間概念時的用法和比較，上述介詞除表示時間概念外還有其他的用法，英語學習者必須掌握其各種用法，才能靈活運用，提高自己的語言能力。