三、動詞
【考點直擊】
1.動詞的八種時態的構成及用法；
2.動詞被動語態的構成及用法；
3.非謂語動詞的構成及用法；
4.近義動詞的用法區別。
【名師點睛】
1.動詞的時態
英語時態用共有十六種時態，其中常用的有8種，它們是：一般現在時、一般過去時、一般將來時、現在進行時、現在完成時、過去進行時、過去完成時和過去將來時。
（1）一般現在時的基本用法
1) 經常性或習慣性的動作，常與表示頻度的時間狀語連用。
時間狀語： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2) 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學事實。
The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3) 表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall.
【注意】此用法如果出現在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，從句謂語也要用一般現在時。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..
4) 現在時刻的狀態、能力、性格、個性。
I don't want so much.
5) 某些動詞如 come, go, move, stop, leave, arrive, be, finish, continue, start 等，在一般現在時句中可用來表示將來肯定會發生的動作。
The train comes at 3 o'clock.
6) 在時間狀語從句或條件狀語從句中，一般現在時代替一般將來時。
I'll help you as soon as you have problem.
Tell Xiao Li about it if you meet him.
（2）一般過去時的用法：
表示過去某一時刻或某一段時間內所發生的動作或情況，通常一般過去式帶有表示動作時間狀語的詞，詞組或從句,如 yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚時可以不帶時間狀語。
I worked in that factory last year.
【注意】
1) 過去經常反覆發生的動作，也可用used to或would加動詞原形來表達，例如：
I used to go fishing on Sundays.
2) “used to”也可用於表示過去曾經存在過的狀態。例如：
This river used to be clean.
（3）一般將來時的用法
1）表示將來的動作或狀態。例如：
I shall attend the meeting tomorrow.
2）表示將來反覆發生的動作或存在的狀態。例如：
He will go to see his mother every Saturdays.
3）表示將來的意願，決心，許諾， 命令等時常用will，徵求對方意見，主語是第一人稱時，常用shall。
I will do my best to catch up with them.
Shall I open the door?
4）be + going + 動詞不定式。也是一種將來時句型，表示打算，計劃，最近
或將來要作的某事。
I am going to Beijing next week.
5）be + 動詞不定式。表示有職責，義務，可能，約定，意圖等。
There is to be a meeting this afternoon.
We are to meet the guests at the station.
6）be about + 動詞不定式，表示馬上，很快作某事。
They are about to leave.
（4）現在進行時的用法
1) 現在進行時的用法表示說話者說話時正在發生或者進行的動作， 它注重
現在正在進行的動作，而不管動作從什麼時間開始，到什麼時間結束。
What are you doing now?
I am looking for my key.
2) 現在進行時表示目前一段時間內正在進行的動作（但說話時這個動作不一定在進行）。
The students are preparing for the examination.
3) 某些動詞的現在進行時可以表示即將發生的動作，這些動詞有 arrive, come, leave, start等。
They are going to Hong Kong tomorrow.
【注意】有些動詞一般不可以用於進行時態
①表示狀態的動詞，尤其是靜態動詞，如：be, have
②表示認識、知覺和情感的動詞，如：know, think, hear, find, see, like, want, wish, prefer等。
（5）現在完成時的用法
1) 現在完成時表示在說話之前已經完成或剛完成的動作。
I have bought a ten-speed bicycle.
They have cleaned the classroom.
2) 現在完成時表示動作從過去開始持續到現在，或者還有可能持續下去的動作或狀態。 現在完成時常與for 和 since 引導的短語或從句連用。
We have lived here since 1976.
They have waited for more than two hours.
【注意】
一般過去時與現在完成時的區別
過去時表示過去某時發生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調動作；現在完成時為過去發生的，強調過去的事情對現在的影響，強調的是影響；一般過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用。
試比較：
I saw this film yesterday.（強調看的動作發生過了，不涉及現在）
I have seen this film. （強調對現在的影響，電影的內容已經知道了。）
（6）過去進行時的用法
表示過去某時正在進行的狀態或動作。例如：
I was watching TV when she came to see me.
【注意】
過去進行時和一般過去時都是過去發生的事情，但過去進行時側重表示過去某一時刻正在進行的動作或所處的狀態，強調動作的連續進行，而一般過去時則表示單純的過去事實，例如：
They were building a house last month. （上個月正在建造，建造好與否不知）
They built a new house last month. （上個月建造好了，動作已經完成）
（7）過去完成時的用法
過去完成時表示過去某一時刻或某一動作之前完成的動作或所處的狀態，過去完成時常和 by , before 等詞組成的短語和從句連用。
We had already learned two thousands words by the end of last year.
When we arrived at the station, they had waited for more than twenty minutes.
（8）過去將來時的用法
過去將來時表示從過去某個時間看將要發生的動作或存在地狀態，過去將來時較多地被運用在賓語從句中。例如：
They were going to have a meeting.
I told him that I would see him off at the station.
2.動詞的語態
語態有兩種：主動語態和被動語態。
主語是動作的發出者為主動語態；主語是動作的接受者為被動語態。
（1）被動語態
1) 被動語態最基本的句型結構是： be +及物動詞過去分詞
2) 被動語態中的謂語動詞一定要是及物動詞
因為被動句中的主語是動作的承受者，某些短語動詞如look after, think of, take care of, work out, laugh at等，也可用於被動語態。
The children were taken good care of by her.
【注意】
短語動詞中的介詞或副詞變成被動語態時不可遺漏。
3) 主動語態變為被動語態要加“to”的情況
若賓語補足語是不帶to 的不定式，變為被動語態時，該不定式前要加"to"。此類動詞為感官動詞，如：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch等。例如：
The teacher made me go out of the classroom.
I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).
4) 主動形式表示被動意義
如wash, clean, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等動詞雖然用做主動形式卻表示被動的意義。例如：
The food tastes good.
3.非謂語動詞
對非謂語動詞的考點是：感官動詞後不定式作賓語補足語和動詞ing形式作賓語補足語的用法；一些特殊動詞的動詞不定式作賓語補足語時不帶to，但變為被動語態時就要帶to；有些動詞既可接不定式也可接動詞ing形式作賓語，但表達的意思不同。這些都是歷年中考的重點。
（1）非謂語動詞的形式
非謂語動詞指的是在句中起名詞，形容詞或副詞作用的動詞形式，而不是作謂語的動詞形式。 動詞的非謂語形式分為動名詞，分詞，動詞不定式。
（2）不定式作賓語補足語
Father will not allow us to play on the street.
（3）不定式作目的狀語
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.
（4）用不定式和分詞作補足語都可以的動詞
這樣的動詞有感官動詞如：see, hear, look, notice, observe, feel等，使役動詞如：have, make, leave, keep, get等。接不定式表示動作的完整性，真實性；+doing 表示動作的連續性，進行性。
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
昨天我看見他在花園裡幹活了。(強調"我看見了"這個事實)
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（強調"我見他正幹活"這個動作）
昨天我見他正在花園裡幹活。
（5）用不帶to不定式的情況
使役動詞如： let, have, make等和感官動詞如： see, watch, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等後作賓補，省略to。在被動語態中則to不能省掉。
（6）接動名詞與不定式意義不同
1) stop to do 停止，中斷做某事後去做另一件事。
stop doing 停止做某事。
2) forget to do 忘記要去做某事。 (未做)
forget doing 忘記做過某事。 (已做)
3) remember to do 記得去做某事 (未做)
remember doing 記得做過某事 (已做)
4) try to do 努力，企圖做某事。
try doing 試驗，試著做某事。
5) go on to do 做了一件事後，接著做另一件事。
go on doing 繼續做原來做的事。
6) mean to do 打算、想
mean doing 意味著
4. 容易混淆的常用動詞的辨析
(1) say, speak, talk, tell的用法。
1) say表示講話，作為及物動詞使用，後跟賓語或賓語從句。
He said he would go there.
It's time to leave. We have to say goodbye to you.
2)speak表示“講話”，一般作為不及物動詞使用，而有時作為及物動詞後面跟上各種語言作為賓語。
Do you speak English?
May I speak to Mr Pope, please?
3) talk表示“談話”，是不及物動詞，與to , about, with等連用，才可以接賓語。
What are you talking about?
Mr Jackson is talking with my father in the office now.
4) tell 表示“告訴，講述”是及物動詞，可以帶雙賓語或複合賓語。
She told us an interesting story yesterday.
My teacher told me that we would have an English exam the next month.
(2) look, see, watch和watch的用法。
1) look強調“看”這個動作，是不及物動詞，常與at連用，然後接賓語。
Look! The girl is swimming in the lake.
Look at the picture carefully. Can you find something unusual?
2) see 指“看見”某物，強調的是結果。
They can't see the words on the blackboard.
Does Lily often go to see a film on Sunday?
3) watch 指的是“觀看”，“注視”之意。
The twins are watching TV now.
He will go to watch a volleyball match.
4） read指“看書”、“看報”、“閱讀”之意。
Don't read in the sun.
I like to read newspapers when I am free.
(3) borrow, lend和keep的區別。
1) borrow意思為“借入”，常常與from連用，是非延續性動詞，表示瞬間即能完成的動作。
Meimei borrowed a book from the library just now.
May I borrow your dictionary?
2) lend 是“借出”之意，常常與to連用，同borrow一樣，是非延續性動詞，只表示瞬間即能完成的動作。
Uncle Wany has lent his car to Mr Li.
Could you lend us your radio, please?
3) keep是“保存”的意思，動作可以延續。
How long can the recorder be kept?
The farmer kept the pat for two weeks.
(4) bring, take, carry 和get的用法。
1) bring意思為“拿來”、“帶來”。指將某物或某人從別處“帶來”。
Bring me the book, please.
May I bring Jim to see you next Saturday?
2) take意思是“拿走”，“帶走”，把某物或某人從這裡“帶來”或“拿到”某處之意。
It looks like rain. Take a raincoat with you.
Mother took the little girl to the next room.
3) carry 是“帶著、搬運、攜帶”的意思，指隨身攜帶，有揹著、扛著、抱著、提著的含義，不表明來去的方向。
Do you always carry a handbag?
The box is heavy. Can you carry it?
4) get是去某處將某物拿回來。
Please go to my office to get some chalk.
There is no water in the bottle. Why not get some?
(5) wear, put on和dress的區別
1) wear是“穿著”“戴著”的意思，可以用於穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽子、戴手套、佩戴首飾等，強調“穿著”的狀態。
Tom always wears black shoes.
He wears a raincoat even when it is fine.
She doesn't like to wear a red flowers in her hair.
2) put on是“穿上”“戴上”的意思，可以用於穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽等。著重於穿戴的動作。
It's cold. You'd better put on your coat.
He put on his hat and went out of the room.
3) dress可以作及物動詞和不及物動詞，有“穿著”“打扮”的意思。作“穿著”解時，只用於穿衣服，不用於穿鞋、戴帽、戴手套。作為及物動詞用時，它的賓語是人，不是衣服。dress sb. （給某人穿衣服），而wear作“穿著”用時，也是及物動詞，但它的賓語是物，不是人，即wear sth.（穿著衣物）。
She always dresses well.
Get up and dress quickly.
Mary is dressing her child.
(6) take, spend 和use的用法。
1) take指做某事用多少時間，句型是：It takes/took/ will take + sb. +some time + to do sth.
It took me three days to finish the work.
It will take you a while week to travel thought the forest.
It takes only one hour to fly to Shanghai.
2) spend指某人在某事（物）上花費時間或錢。句型是：
Someone spends + money/time + on something(in) doing sth.
She spent more than 500 yuan on that coat.
He didn't spend much time on his lessons.
He spent much time (in) correcting students' exercises.
Mother spent her evenings (in) washing clothes.
3) use表示使用工具、手段等。
Do you know how to use the computer?
Shall we use your car?
(7)reach, get 和arrive的區別。
1) reach是及物動詞，後面要直接跟表示地點的名詞作賓語。
After the train had left, they reached the station
We reached the top of the mountain at last.
2) get是不及動詞，常與to連用，再接名詞，後面接表示地點的副詞時，不用to，get to常用於口語中。
When the students got to the cinema, the film had begun.
My sister was cooking when mother got home.
3) arrive是不及物動詞，表示到達一個小地方時，用arrive at, 到達一個大地方時用arrive in。
The soldiers arrived at a small village
The foreigners will arrive in Shanghai tomorrow.
【實例解析】
1. (2004年北京海淀區中考試題）
I’m interested in animals, so I ________ every Saturday working in an animal hospital.
A. pay B. get C. take D. spend
答案：D。該題考查的是pay, get, take spend這四個動詞的用法區別。在這四個動詞中，只有spend常用於 “spend …ding sth.”的句型裡，所以選D。
2. (2004年安徽省中考試題)
---Listen Helen is singing in the next room.
---It _________ be Helen. She has gone to Beijing.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. may D. should
答案：A。該題考查的是情態動詞的用法。表示否定地推測通常用can’t。
3. (2004年江西省南昌市中考試題)
---I called you yesterday evening, but there was no answer.
---Oh, I am sorry I _________ dinner at my friend’s house.
A. have B. had C. was having D. have had
答案：C。該題考查的是動詞的時態。他們談論的是昨天晚上某一時刻發生的事情，所以用過去進行時。
4. (2004年哈爾濱市中考試題)
---How long have you _______ the moteobike?
---For about two weeks.
A. bought B. had C. borrowed D. lent
答案：B。該題考查的是延續性動詞和非延續性動詞的用法區別。這四個動詞中只有had 是延續性動詞，它的現在完成時可以同表示一段時間的時間狀語連用。
【中考演練】
一.單項填空
1. Listen! Some of the girls ________ about Harry Potter. Let’s join them.
A. are talking B. talk
C. will talk D. talked
2. Our teacher, Miss Chen, ________English on the radio the day bore yesterday.
A. teaches B. taught
C. will teach D. had taught
3. I don’t think I _________ you in that dress before.
A. have seen B. was seeing
C. saw D. see
4. Susan’s parents have bought a large house with a swimming pool. It _______ be very expensive.
A. must B. can C. mustn’t D. can’t
5. Coffee is ready. How nice it ________ ! Would you like some?
A. looks B. smells C. sounds D. feels
6. “ Mr. Zhu, you’d better _______ too much meat. You are already over weight,” said the doctor.
A. not to eat B. to eat C. not eat D. eat
7. “Don’t always make Michael ________ this or that. He is already a big boy, dear,” Mr. Bush said to his wife.
A. do B. to do C. does D. did
8. Sorry, I can’t hear you clearly. Will you please ________ your E-mail address? I’ll
write it down.
A. review B. recite C. report D. repeat
9. Don’t ________ your coat, Tom! It’s easy to catch cold in spring.
A. take away B. take off C. take down D. take out
10. You _______ go and ask Meimei. She _______ know the answer.
A. must; can B. must; may C. need; can D. can; may
11. I’m sorry you’ve missed the train. It ________ 10 minutes ago.
A. left B. has left C. had left D. has been left
12. I bought a new dictionary and it ________ me 30 yuan.
A. paid B. spent C. took D. cost
13. ---Mum, may I go out and play basketball?
---_______ you _______ your homework yet?
A. Do; finish B. Are; finishing C. Did; finishing D. Have; finished
14. I have to go now. Please remember to ________ the lights when you leave.
A. turn off B. turn down C. turn up D. turn on
15. A talk on Chinese history ________ in the school next week.
A. be given B. has been given C. will be given D. will give
16. Look! How heavy the rain is! You’d better ________.
A. don’t go now B. stay here when it stops
C. not leave until it stops D. not to leave at once
17. You may go fishing if your work ________.
A. is done B. will be done C. has done D. have done
18. Cotton _______ nice and soft.
A. is felt B. is feeling C. feel D. feels
19. ---Who cleaned the blackboard yesterday, Dick?
---John _________.
A. cleaned B. does C. did D. is
20. ---Linda had nothing for breakfast this morning, _______?
---No. She got up too late.
A. had she B. hadn’t she C. did she D. didn’t she
二. 閱讀短文，並用括號中所給動詞的適當形式填空。
A
My name is Wang Bing. I’m from China. Now I ___1____ (study) at this school. I ____2___ (arrive) here on January 8. Since then, I ____3____ (make) a lot of friends. At school we speak English all the time. Next week, some new students from Africa, Asia and Latin America ____4____ (come) to our school. I’m very glad to know this because I enjoy ____5____ (meet) people from other countries.
1. study/am studying 2. arrived 3. have made 4. will come 5. meeting
B
Since 1946, one of the most important inventions has been the computer. It has been changing all our lives.
The first computer ____1___ (build) in 1946. It ____2____ (be) as large as a room and very difficult and slow ____3____ (use). But since the invention of silicon “chip”（硅片），computers ____4____ (become) smaller, easier and faster to operate. Some computers ____5____ (be) as small as TV sets. Some can even ____6___ (make) smaller than a book. And computers ____7____ (get) smaller and smaller all the time. Who knows what the computers of tomorrow ____8___ (be) like?
There ____9___ (be) several reasons why the computer is useful to us. First, a lot of information can ____10____ (put) into computer. Second, the computer works very quickly---thousands of times faster than a man and it will not be tired. Third, modern computers can be built into other kinds of machines, like radios, cars and planes. So today people can spend less time doing more work with a computer.
三. 用所給動詞的適當形式填空
1. No matter what the weather is like, you can always find surfers out _______ (ride) the waves.
2. ---What do you use the key for?
---It is ________ (use) for making the robot work.
3. No news _______ (be) good news. I’m sure Jane is still all right.
4. ---Are you feeling better these days?
---Yes, much better. I _______ as well as these days for a long time.
5. It ________ (rain) heavily, you’d better not go out now.
6. The city of Xian _______ (become) cleaner and cleaner.
7. The boys enjoy _______ (see) fight films very much.
8. He left the room without _______ (say) goodbye.
9. Rice ________ (grow) in the south of China.
10. Many trees ________ (plant) in our school yard these years.
四. 用方框中所給的動詞或動詞詞組的適當形式填入下列句子裡，使其意思通順，每個動詞或動詞詞組只能用一次
Allow, fall, not be, phone, receive, show, send for,
pay for, be used for, turn it off, keep on
1. It’s rather hot today, but the weather report says the temperature _______ to 28C tomorrow.
2. “Remember, nobody ________ to eat or drink in the computer room,” the assistant said to the new students.
3. Hi, Mike! I _________ your invitation. Thank you very much. I’ll come on time.
4. This time yesterday I ________ the foreigners around the ancient church.
5. My uncle phoned the booking office of the airline, and he was told there _______ any flights to Singapore in the following three days because of the bad weather.
6. Don’t lose heart and ________ trying.
7. Don’t watch TV. It’s too late. Please _______ and go to bed right now.
8. Computers are useful. They can ________ sending E-mail.
9. If you’ve lost this book, you have to _______ it.
10. Both of his feet were hurt in the accident. _______ a doctor, please.
【練習答案】
一.1.A 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.B 6.C 7.A 8.D 9.B 10.D 11.A 12.D 13.D 14.A 15.C 16.C 17.A 18.D 19.C 20.C
二. 1. was built 2.was 3. to use 4. have become 5. are 6. be made 7. are getting 8. will be 9. are 10. be put
三. 1.riding 2.used 3.is 4.have not felt 5.is raining 6. is becoming 7.seeing 8.sayig 9.is grown 10.have been planted
四. 1.will fall 2.is allowed 3.have received 4.was showing 5.would not be 6.keep on 7.turn it off 8.be used for 9.pay for 10.Send for
