「ESC 2017」“個體化抗血小板治療時代”結束了嗎?

近年來,多個大型隨機對照試驗均顯示血小板監測評估抗血小板治療預後的陰性結果,同時2017年ESC的DAPT指南已將血小板監測降級為III類推薦。那麼,這種個體化抗血小板治療方案到底還要繼續應用嗎?西班牙時間8月27日下午,ESC 2017年會上隨著TROPICAL-ACS研究結果的公佈再次引發熱議,對此,在回顧血小板監測相關研究的同時,一起來聽聽ACTION研究小組Gilles Montalescot教授的建議和展望。

最後一個大型個體化抗血小板治療隨機對照研究:TROPICAL-ACS

ESC 2017年會上來自德國慕尼黑路德維希-馬克西米蘭大學心內科的Dirk SIBBING教授,代表TROPICAL-ACS研究組對研究結果進行了彙報。

TROPICAL-ACS研究[1]是一項歐洲多中心隨機對照研究,入選人群為來自33個歐洲中心(奧地利2、波蘭4、匈牙利7、德國20)的急性冠脈綜合徵併成功實施經皮介入治療的患者。全部患者隨機分配至對照組(無血小板功能監測、應用普拉格雷12個月)和個體化治療組(根據Multiplate analyzer血小板監測進行降級治療、短期應用普拉格雷後降級為氯吡格雷)。主要終點為1年的全因心血管死亡、心肌梗死、非致死性卒中以及出血學術研究會(BARC)定義的≥2級出血(淨臨床終點NACE)。

「ESC 2017」“個體化抗血小板治療時代”結束了嗎?

圖1

研究結果顯示:隨訪1年時,個體化組和對照組主要終點事件無優效性差異(7.3% VS 9.0%,非劣效性P=0.0004,優效性P=0.1202)。同時,隨著隨訪時間延長,兩組NACE事件小幅增加,但仍無顯著差異。此外,從主要研究終點的單一事件而言,個體化組與對照組在全因心血管死亡、心肌梗死、非致死性卒中(HR 0.77,95%CI:0.48~1.21,非劣效性P=0.0115)和BARC≥2級出血(HR 0.82,95%CI:0.59~1.13,P=0.2257)亦未見明顯差異。

「ESC 2017」“個體化抗血小板治療時代”結束了嗎?

圖2

為什麼我們要進行個體化抗血小板治療?

既往研究顯示,血小板反應性是冠心病缺血和出血事件的強預測因素[2,3],但因人種、基因、併發症等情況存在極大的個體差異[4,5]。然而,一個合理的血小板反應性,是降低缺血和出血事件的關鍵,也是改善患者預後的靶點。因此,1960年開始人們應用光學比濁法(LTA)進行血小板功能檢測,隨後又出現流式細胞儀等多種檢測方法。可惜的是,這些方法都只能在實驗室進行、設備昂貴、檢測方法複雜且人員資質要求高,無法廣泛應用於臨床。二十世紀床旁血小板功能檢測技術的問世,給我們帶來動態監測血小板反應性、調整抗血小板治療方案、進行個體化抗血小板治療的可能[6]。近十餘年間,世界各國研究者們為了改善冠心病患者的臨床預後,也進行了大量的相關研究。

近年相關研究的結果

起初,多項研究確定了高血小板反應性(HTPR)與缺血事件的關聯[7,8]。ADAPT-DES[9~11]等研究證實了低反應者的高血栓風險和高反應者的高出血風險。同時,觀察性研究的陽性結果給予了研究者極大的鼓舞。那麼,既然HTPR與臨床預後相關,如果對HTPR患者進行抗血小板藥物調整,是否就會帶來更好的預後呢?

基於此,TRIGGER-PCI[12]和MATTIS[13]研究分別將低反應者的氯吡格雷改為普拉格雷或替格瑞洛(強效新型P2Y12受體拮抗劑),而GRAVITAS[4]研究嘗試了在HTPR患者中應用氯吡格雷的強化方案。這些研究發現強化抗血小板方案僅帶來了HTPR的減少,但患者預後並無差異。

隨後,ACTION研究小組設計了首個根據血小板監測進行個體化抗血小板治療的大型隨機對照研究——ARCTIC研究[14]。共納入2440例冠心病患者並隨機分入個體化治療組或常規治療組,應用VerifyNow進行血小板監測並調整用藥,結果並未發現兩組之間預後的差異。ARCTIC研究陰性結果被歸因於試驗中過少的高危患者以及應用大量的強效抗血小板藥物(普拉格雷)。因此,ACTION研究小組又針對急性冠脈綜合徵老年患者設計了ANTARCTIC研究[15],最終個體化抗血小板治療方案在更高危的人群中也得到了陰性的結果。

同時,2017年發表的TROPICAL-ACS研究,應用其他血小板功能監測來進行個體化抗血小板降級治療的方案,同樣無優效性推薦。

血小板監測評估抗血小板治療還有未來嗎?

多個大型隨機對照試驗的陰性結果,導致我們對血小板監測意義的質疑。同時,2017年ESC的DAPT指南已將血小板監測降級為III類推薦,並不做常規應用推薦。那麼,到底還需要繼續應用嗎?為此,我們採訪了來自ACTION研究小組主持ARCTIC和ANTARCTIC研究的Gilles Montalescot教授。Gilles Montalescot教授對血小板監測的未來,指出以下幾點:

1.雖然床旁血小板功能監測對我們理解和認識血小板反應性有巨大的意義,但目前試驗的陰性結果並不支持常規使用血小板監測來評估預後。

2.其仍在抗血小板藥物的藥代動力學研究中處於主導地位[16~18]

3.可以用來監測患者抗血小板藥物的依從性,尤其在出現支架內血栓的患者中更有意義[8]

4.推薦應用於冠狀動脈搭橋術(CABG)圍術期的血小板功能監測,控制範圍20AUC<ASPI檢測≤30AUC和19AUC<ADP檢測≤46AUC[19-21]

5.目前,有大量關於腦血管或外周血管的相關研究,在這些同樣需要抗血小板治療的人群中,其意義需要進一步的探討。

「ESC 2017」“個體化抗血小板治療時代”結束了嗎?

圖3

Gilles Montalescot教授總結道,根據目前指南,並不推薦常規應用血小板監測進行個體化治療。但是,其仍有一定應用空間,如藥代動力學研究、藥物依從性監測以及CABG圍術期監測。並且,隨著技術的進步,在神經科、血管科可能會有更大的發展。

參考文獻:

[1]Sibbing D, Aradi D, Jacobshagen C, Gross L, Trenk D, Geisler T, et al. A randomised trial on platelet function-guided de-escalation of antiplatelet treatment in acs patients undergoing PCI. Rationale and design of the testing responsiveness to platelet inhibition on chronic antiplatelet treatment for acute coronary syndromes (TROPICAL-ACS) trial. Thrombosis and haemostasis. 2017;117:188-195.

[2]Komosa A, Siller-Matula JM, Lesiak M, Michalak M, Kowal J, Maczynski M, et al. Association between high on-treatment platelet reactivity and occurrence of cerebral ischemic events in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Thrombosis research. 2016;138:49-54.

[3]Sabouret P, Rushton-Smith SK, Kerneis M, Silvain J, Collet JP, Montalescot G. Dual antiplatelet therapy: Optimal timing, management, and duration. European heart journal. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy. 2015;1:198-204.

[4]Price MJ, Berger PB, Teirstein PS, Tanguay JF, Angiolillo DJ, Spriggs D, et al. Standard- vs high-dose clopidogrel based on platelet function testing after percutaneous coronary intervention: The GRAVITAS randomized trial. Jama. 2011;305:1097-1105.

[5]Collet JP, Kerneis M, Hulot JS, O'Connor SA, Silvain J, Mansencal N,et al. Point-of-care genetic profiling and/or platelet function testing in acute coronary syndrome. Thrombosis and haemostasis. 2016;115:382-391.

[6]Paniccia R, Antonucci E, Maggini N, Miranda M, Gori AM, Marcucci R, et al. Comparison of methods for monitoring residual platelet reactivity after clopidogrel by point-of-care tests on whole blood in high-risk patients. Thrombosis and haemostasis. 2010;104:287-292.

[7]Matetzky S, Shenkman B, Guetta V, Shechter M, Beinart R, Goldenberg I, et al. Clopidogrel resistance is associated with increased risk of recurrent atherothrombotic events in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2004;109:3171-3175.

[8]Sibbing D, Braun S, Morath T, Mehilli J, Vogt W, Schomig A, et al. Platelet reactivity after clopidogrel treatment assessed with point-of-care analysis and early drug-eluting stent thrombosis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2009;53:849-856.

[9]Stone GW, Witzenbichler B, Weisz G, Rinaldi MJ, Neumann FJ, Metzger DC,et al. Platelet reactivity and clinical outcomes after coronary artery implantation of drug-eluting stents (ADAPT-DES): A prospective multicentre registry study. Lancet. 2013;382:614-623.

[10]Kirtane AJ, Parikh PB, Stuckey TD, Xu K, Witzenbichler B, Weisz G, et al. Is there an ideal level of platelet P2Y12-receptor inhibition in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention?: "Window" analysis from the ADAPT-DES study (assessment of dual antiplatelet therapy with drug-eluting stents). JACC. Cardiovascular interventions. 2015;8:1978-1987.

[11]Montalescot G, Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, Murphy SA, Gibson CM, McCabe CH, et al. Prasugrel compared with clopidogrel in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for st-elevation myocardial infarction (TRITON-TIMI 38): Double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;373:723-731.

[12]Trenk D, Stone GW, Gawaz M, Kastrati A, Angiolillo DJ, Muller U, et al. A randomized trial of prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with high platelet reactivity on clopidogrel after elective percutaneous coronary intervention with implantation of drug-eluting stents: Results of the TRIGGER-PCI (testing platelet reactivity in patients undergoing elective stent placement on clopidogrel to guide alternative therapy with prasugrel) study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2012;59:2159-2164.

[13]Musallam A, Orvin K, Perl L, Mosseri M, Arbel Y, Roguin A, et al. Effect of modifying antiplatelet treatment to ticagrelor in high-risk coronary patients with low response to clopidogrel (MATTIS). The Canadian journal of cardiology. 2016;32:1246 e1213-1246 e1219.

[14]Collet JP, Cuisset T, Range G, Cayla G, Elhadad S, Pouillot C, et al. Bedside monitoring to adjust antiplatelet therapy for coronary stenting. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:2100-2109.

[15]Cayla G, Cuisset T, Silvain J, Leclercq F, Manzo-Silberman S, Saint-Etienne C, et al. Platelet function monitoring to adjust antiplatelet therapy in elderly patients stented for an acute coronary syndrome (ANTARCTIC): An open-label, blinded-endpoint, randomised controlled superiority trial. Lancet. 2016;388:2015-2022.

[16]Erlinge D, Gurbel PA, James S, Lindahl TL, Svensson P, Ten Berg JM, et al. Prasugrel 5 mg in the very elderly attenuates platelet inhibition but maintains noninferiority to prasugrel 10 mg in nonelderly patients: The GENERATIONS trial, a pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic study in stable coronary artery disease patients. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2013;62:577-583.

[17]Storey RF, Angiolillo DJ, Bonaca MP, Thomas MR, Judge HM, Rollini F, et al. Platelet inhibition with ticagrelor 60 mg versus 90 mg twice daily in the PEGASUS-TIMI 54 trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2016;67:1145-1154.

[18]Parodi G, Bellandi B, Valenti R, Migliorini A, Marcucci R, Carrabba N, et al. Comparison of double (360 mg) ticagrelor loading dose with standard (60 mg) prasugrel loading dose in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients: The rapid activity of platelet inhibitor drugs (RAPID) primary PCI 2 study. American heart journal. 2014;167:909-914.

[19]O'Connor SA, Amour J, Mercadier A, Martin R, Kerneis M, Abtan J, et al. Efficacy of ex vivo autologous and in vivo platelet transfusion in the reversal of P2Y12 inhibition by clopidogrel, prasugrel, and ticagrelor: The APTITUDE study. Circulation. Cardiovascular interventions. 2015;8:e002786.

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[21]Youn YN, Yi G, Lee S, Joo HC, Yoo KJ. Posttreatment platelet reactivity on clopidogrel is associated with the risk of adverse events after off-pump coronary artery bypass. American heart journal. 2014;167:818-825.

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