Tail biting is a perennial problem without a clear causative factor or a definitive solution.
咬尾巴是一個長期存在的問題，沒有明確的致病因素或確切的解決方案。
This problem affects pigs of all ages (assuming they are grouped together) and has been ascribed to a number of causative factors such as overcrowding, drafts, disease, malnutrition and even boredom. Many experts believe it is often a combination of causative factors that lead to an outbreak of tail biting in any given population. It is interesting to note that some genetics are affected more than others, and that the problem might come and go without any obvious reason.
各個生長階段的豬群都存在這個問題（如果豬群圈養在一起），並歸結於種種因素如擁擠，圈養，疾病，營養不良甚至豬群無聊所致。一些專家認為，在特定的群體當中出現咬尾現象是由致病因素引起的。 有趣的是，一些品種的豬在沒有任何明顯的原因之下比其他品種的豬更易受影響。
Nevertheless, among the management and veterinary measures that we must take even before this problem occurs, we also have several peripheral nutritional intervention measures that can be employed. Because we do not currently understand the problem of tail biting entirely, it is to be expected that these nutritional measures will not be effective always or entirely. Such nutritional remedies are common, nevertheless, and they may help.
然而，我們需要從管理和獸醫學方面著手，預防這種情況的發生，並採取了一些次營養因素調節的措施。因為沒有弄清楚咬尾的成因，這種營養調節的方法也不是很奏效。然而，營養療法很常見，並且會有所幫助。
1、When the diets contain too much protein and the amino acids are slightly imbalanced, excess protein needs to be excreted placing a strain on water and electrolyte balance (blood from bleeding tails is a source of such electrolytes). The opposite is true: lack of dietary protein can lead to blood sucking in order to obtain useful — and highly digestible — proteins. Thus, diets must be balanced to avoid both excesses and deficiencies.
當飼料蛋白質含量過高，氨基酸不平衡時，過剩的蛋白質會排出體外來維持體液電解質的平衡（斷尾處的出血可維持這種電解質平衡）。相反的，當飼料中蛋白質含量缺乏時，會導致豬吸食血液來獲取可消化利用率高的蛋白質。因此，飼料營養水平必須要平衡，才能避免營養過剩或缺乏。
2、Quite often, calcium levels are too high, most likely because calcium carbonate is a cheap and readily available carrier for additives and premixes, and it is being used in soybean meal production to enhance its flowability. When calcium is in oversupply, and in conjunction with an excess of protein as described above, renal dysfunction is possible further upsetting water and electrolyte balance. Thus, calcium levels should be controlled carefully, even though calcium is among the least expensive nutrients.
通常，飼料中鈣的含量會很難高，這可能是因為鈣作為預混料添加劑載體價格便宜，在豆粕生產中，鈣用來增加其流動性。當鈣過量時，再加上上述的蛋白質含量過剩，豬腎功能紊亂加劇體液電解質失衡。因此，即便是鈣是廉價的營養素之一，鈣含量也應該小心控制。
3、Tail biting has been associated with high-fat diets, although this is not scientifically documented. What constitutes a high-fat diet remains controversial, and it might not even be relevant, as it might be rancid lipids that provoke tail biting among other oxidation problems. All these remain in the sphere of educational guesses, and when tail biting is the problem, removing all pure lipid sources is recommended, if possible.
雖然沒有科學數據佐證，但咬尾現象與高脂肪飼料有某些聯繫。高脂肪飼料的定義有爭議，甚至與咬尾並沒有相關性，高脂肪飼料很可能是引起斷尾脂肪氧化腐臭的問題之一。所有的這些都是在研究猜想的階段，當豬群出現咬尾現象時，建議日糧中去除所有的純脂肪來源。
4、Perhaps, as a solution to problems described above, an increase in dietary electrolytes (and the associated dietary electrolyte balance, dEB, index) is recommended. There is a plethora of salts that can alter dEB, and each nutrition professional has a set of preferred ones, but what remains most important is that they are pure of contaminants as some come from non-feed related industries.
減少豬群咬尾的7種方法
也許，解決上述問題，建議增加飼料電解質濃度（與日糧電解質相關的，日糧電解質計算公式，指數）有很多化合物鹽可以改變日糧的dEB值，每一個專業的營養配方都有一個最佳值，但值得注意的是這些影響因素來自於非飼料行業。
5、It has been suggested that animal protein (meat meal, poultry meal) in animal diets may predispose pigs to lower or higher intensity incidences of tail biting. Apparently, there is remarkable controversy over this theory, and most likely it has to do with both protein balance and dEB in the feed. At any rate, when tail biting commences, remove animal proteins if currently in the formulas or consider adding some if not!
飼料中的動物源性蛋白（肉骨粉，羽毛粉）可能會導致咬尾現象的加劇或減弱。顯然，這一理論有爭議，最可能影響的是飼料當中蛋白質和電解質水平，無論如何，豬群出現咬尾現象時，如果飼料中有動物源性蛋白就去掉，或者沒有的話就添加。
6、Fiber plays a great role in quenching hunger. If, for some reason, pigs do not receive enough feed, adding some extra fiber will reduce their predisposition to find “nutrients” through tail biting. Most pig diets should contain at least 3 to 5 percent dietary fiber. Increased dietary fiber specifications may be warranted if tail biting does not recede by any of the above measures.
纖維在消除飢餓感扮演著重要角色，如果因為某些原因，豬群採食量不足，額外的添加纖維可減少通過咬尾來尋找“營養”。大多數豬的飼料中添加3％-5％膳食纖維。如果上述措施都不能減少咬尾現象，增加膳食纖維含量會有作用。