一、往期回顧
二、現在完成時
(一)定義
現在完成時主要用來表示過去發生的動作對現在造成的影響或結果。如:
I have already seen the film.
She has just had a bath.
(二)基本結構
現在完成時的句子結構一般為:
主語—+have/has+過去分詞+其他成分
如:
We have already had lunch.
He has been away for a week.
(三)主要用法
1、表示過去發生並且已經完成的動作對現在造成的影響或結果。此時,常和謂語動詞一起使用的副詞有already、just、never、ever、yet等。如:
They have already come back from the museum.
She has already finished her homework.
2、表示過去發生的動作持續到現在,並且有可能會繼續持續下去。此時,常和謂語動詞一起使用的標誌性詞語主要有for和since,而且此時的謂語動詞往往是持續性動詞(如stay、keep、wait等)。如:
I have lived here for ten years.
He has kept the clavichord since thirty years ago.
3、表示從過去某一時間到說話時這段時間中反覆發生的動作。此時,常和謂語動詞一起使用的主要是表頻度的副詞often、always、seldom、never等,以及表次數的單詞或短語(如once、twice、three times)。如:
You have never listened to me like this before.
She has ever been to France.
They have visited the Summer Palace many times.
(四)動詞的過去分詞
1、規則變化
其變化規則與動詞的一般過去時基本相同,主要是在詞尾加-ed或-d。具體的有:
1)直接加-ed。如:worked、played。
2)以不發音的e結尾的動詞後加-d。如:lived、danced。
3)以輔音字母加y結尾的動詞後改y為i,再加-ed。如:studied、cried。
4)以重讀閉音節結尾的動詞後,雙寫最後一個輔音字母再加-ed。如:stopped、patted。
2、不規則變化
如果結合動詞的過去式,動詞的過去分詞的不規則變化中,又有一些相對的規則現象。如:
1)AAA型。如:put put put;read read read。其中,read的過去式和過去分詞雖然拼寫時一樣的,但其發音與原形不同,ea不再讀作[iː],而是[e]。
2)AAB型。如:beat beat beaten
3)ABB型。如:keep kept kept;sit sat sat
4)ABC型。如:lie lay lain;drink drank drunk
5)ABA型。如:run ran run;come came come
(五)標誌性詞語
1、副詞already、just、never、ever、yet等。如:
She hasn't arrived in Scotland yet.
They have just left for Shanghai.
2、for和since。for+一段時間,since+具體時間。如:
He has learned Italian for five months.
He has learned Italian since five months ago.
3、so far和up to/till now。表示“迄今為止”。如:
So far, no one has heard any news about her.
She has read fifty books up to now.
4、recently、lately等表示“最近;最新”的副詞和形容詞。如:
I've met her on several occasions recently.
He hasn't had enough sleep lately.
5、in the past/last+一段時間,表示“在過去的...時間裡”。如:
In the past few years, new buildings have sprung up all over Beijing.
He had aged rapidly in the last few months.
6、次數。如:
I've tried many times, but there's no way.
He has been there at least twice.
(六)have been to/have gone to/have been in
1、have been to
表示“去過已回”。句子主語就在現場。如:
They have been to Rome many times.
She has been to Shanghai more than once.
2、have gone to
表示“去了未回”。句子主語不在現場。如:
Jerry has gone to Hangzhou.
Mary has gone to Finland.
3、have been in
表示“一直待在某地”。如:
We have been in Beijing for five weeks.
They have been in China since 2012.
(七)短暫性動詞和延續性動詞
所謂短暫性動詞主要是指一旦發生馬上就結束的動作,也叫瞬間動詞,如die、marry、leave等。而延續性動詞主要是指可以一直持續進行的動作,也叫持續性動詞,如learn、live、talk等。
兩類動詞都可以用於現在完成時,但是短暫性動詞不能與表示一段時間的時間狀語連用。此時,需要把短暫性動詞改為相應的表狀態的動詞或短語。如:
錯誤:He has died for ten years.
正確:He has been dead for ten years.
錯誤:She has married him since five years ago.
正確:She has been married to him since five years ago.
(八)句型轉換
因為“have/has done”中的have/has是助動詞,所以在進行句型轉換中要注意不需要再另外借助助動詞do/did/does,而是直接借用have/has。如:
肯定句:He has lived here for the last few years.
否定句:He hasn't lived here for the last few years.
一般疑問句:Has he lived here for the last few years?
特殊疑問句:How long has he lived here? (劃線部分為for the last few years)
(九)小試牛刀
接下來大家來看看下面10道題的空缺處,分別應該填入所給動詞的什麼形式: