1 不定式作賓語
1) 動詞+ 不定式
afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, be, decide, bother, care, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, elect, endeavor, hope, fail, happen, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, wait, wish, undertake
The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司機沒能及時看見另一輛車。
I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。
2) 動詞+不定式；動詞+賓語+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡你使每件東西都保持整潔。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和湯姆談話。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想讓你和湯姆談話。
3) 動詞+疑問詞+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that. 請演示給我們如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有這麼多的錄音機，我都拿不定主意買哪一種。
注意
疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時，謂語動詞用單數。如：The question is how to put it into practice. 問題是怎樣把它付諸實施。
2. 不定式作補語
1) 動詞+賓語+不定式(to do)
advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider, declare, drive, enable, encourage, find, forbid, force, guess, hire, imagine, impel, induce, inform, instruct, invite, judge, know, like, order, permit, persuade, remind, report, request, require, select, send, state, suppose, tell, think, train, trust, understand, urge, warn
a.Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。
b.We believe him to be guilty. 我們相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊用法
Find 後可用分詞做賓補，或先加形式賓語，再加形容詞，最後加帶to 的動詞不定式。find後也可帶一個從句。此類動詞還有get，have。
I found him lying on the ground.
I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important.
典型例題
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.
A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
答案：A.find的賓語後面，用分詞或分詞短語，起賓語補足語作用。現在分詞表達主動，也表達正在進行，過去分詞表達被動。
2) to + be 的不定式結構，作補語的動詞。
acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(聲稱), discover, fancy(設想), feel, find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以為), understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 我們認為湯姆是班上最好的學生之一。
典型例題
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只說明發明這一個事實，不定式後用原形即可。而C為現在完成時，發明為點動詞一般不用完成時，且此處也不強調對現在的影響，因此不選C。
3) to be +形容詞
seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean
The book is believed to be uninteresting. 人們認為這本書沒什麼意思。
4) there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我們沒料到會有那麼多人在哪裡。
注意
有些動詞需用as 短語做補語，如regard, think believe, take, consider.
We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我們認為湯姆是我們最好的老師。
Mary took him as her father . 瑪麗把他當作自己的父親。
3. 不定式作主語
1) It's easy (for me) to do that. 我做這事太容易了。
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;
the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough
It's so nice to hear your voice. 聽到你的聲音真高興。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 當你不用車的時候，鎖車是有必要的。
2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他幫助我們，他真好。
kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)
It was silly of us to believe him. 我們真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不給他們任何東西，這顯得太自私了。
注意
1) 其他系動詞如，look，appear等也可用於此句型
2) 不定式作為句子成分時，動詞用單數形式。
3) 當不定式作主語的句子中又有一個不定式作表語時，不能用It is… to…的句型
(對)To see is to believe. 百聞不如一見。(錯)It is to believe to see.
It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
1) for sb. 常用於表示事物的特徵特點，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 對他來說學兩門外語是很難的。
2) of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態度的形容詞，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It's very nice of you to help me. 你來幫助我，你真是太好了。
for 與of 的辨別方法
用介詞後面的代詞作主語，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語，造個句子。如果道理上通順用of，不通則用for。如：You are nice. (通順，所以應用of)。He is hard. (人是困難的，不通，因此應用for。)
4. 不定式作表語
不定式可放在be動詞後面，形成表語。例如：
My work is to clean the room every day.
His dream is to be a doctor.
5. 不定式作定語
不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞後。例如：
I have a lot of work to do.
So he made some candles to give light.
6. 不定式作狀語
1) 目的狀語
To… only to (僅僅為了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我來僅僅是向你告別。
2) 作結果狀語，表事先沒有預料到的，要放在句子後面。
What have I said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
3) 表原因
I'm glad to see you.
典型例題
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
答案：B. 如果不定式為不及物動詞，其後應有必要的介詞。當動詞與介詞連用時，常位於"形容詞+動詞不定式"結構的末尾。
用作介詞的to
to 有兩種用法：一為不定式+動詞原形； 一為介詞+名詞/動名詞, to 在下面的用法中是第二種，即to+ 名詞/動名詞：admit to承認，confess to承認，be accustomed to 習慣於，be used to 習慣於，stick to 堅持，turn to開始，著手於，devote oneself to 獻身於，be devoted to 致力於， look forward to 盼望，pay attention to
注意
省to 的動詞不定式
1) 情態動詞 ( 除ought 外，ought to)：
2) 使役動詞 let, have, make：
3) 感官動詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等後作賓補，省略to。
注意
在被動語態中則to 不能省掉。
I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.
4) would rather，had better：
5) Why… / why not…：
6) help 可帶to，也可不帶to, help sb (to) do sth：
7) but和except：but前是動詞do時，後面出現的動詞用不帶to的動詞不定式。
8) 由and, or和than連接的兩個不定式，第二個to 可以省去：
9) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞後，可以省去to be：He is supposed (to be) nice. 他應該是個好人。舉例：He wants to move to France and marry the girl. He wants to do nothing but go out. 比較：He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
典型例題
1) ---- I usually go there by train.
---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
答案：D. why not 後面接不帶to 的不定式，因此選D。
2) Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
答案：B. make後接不帶to 的動詞不定式，當其用於被動時，to 不可省略。
動詞不定式的否定式
Tell him not to shut the window…
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走過的時候，她假裝沒看見。
典型例題
1) Tell him ___ the window.
A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut
答案：B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式為tell sb not to do sth.
2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by.
A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen
答案：A。 pretend 後應接不定式。其否定形式為pretend not to do sth.。
3) Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive
答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式為warn sb not to do sth. 此處用的是否定詞never.
4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
答案：A。not to 為not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to這個詞，而不必重複整個不定式詞組。及物動詞do後應有名詞、代詞等，否則不對，因此B，D不對。
5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating
答案：C。warn一詞要求後用不定式，此處為不定式的被動，否定形式為be warned not to do。
不定式的特殊句型too…to…
1) too…to 太…以至於…
He is too excited to speak. 他太激動了，說不出話來。
---- Can I help you ? 需要我幫忙嗎?
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。這箱子太重，恐怕你搬不動。謝謝您。
2) 如在too前有否定詞，則整個句子用否定詞表達肯定， too 後那個詞表達一種委婉含義，意 為"不太"。
It's never too late to mend. (諺語) 改過不嫌晚。
3) 當too 前面有only, all, but時，意思是：非常… 等於very。
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高興能幫助你。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
不定式的特殊句型so as to
1) 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 湯姆對事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 輕點進去，別驚醒了嬰兒。
2) so kind as to ---勞駕
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 勞駕，現在幾點了。
不定式的特殊句型Why not
"Why not +動詞原形"表達向某人提出建議，翻譯為："為什麼不……?" "幹嗎不……?"
例如：Why not take a holiday? 幹嗎不去度假?
不定式的時態和語態
時態\語態 主動 被動
一般式 to do to be done
進行式 to be doing
完成式 to have done to have been done
完成進行式 to have been doing
1) 現在時：一般現在時表示的動詞，有時與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生，有時發生在謂語動詞的動作之後。
He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再見到你。
2) 完成時：表示的動作發生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
He seems to have caught a cold.
3) 進行時： 表示動作正在進行，與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生。
He seems to be eating something.
4) 完成進行時：
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
動名詞與不定式
1) 動名詞與不定式的區別：
動名詞表達的是： 狀態，性質，心境，抽象，經常性，已發生的
不定式表達的是： 目的，結果，原因，具體，一次性，將發生的
2) 接不定式或動名詞，意義相同。
3) 動名詞與不定式語義不同的有11 組：
stop to do stop doing
forget to do forget doing
remember to do remember doing
cease to do cease doing
try to do try doing
go on to do go on doing
afraid to do afraid doing
interested to do interested doing
mean to do mean doing
regret to do regret doing
begin/start to do begin/start doing
特殊詞精講
stop doing/to do
stop to do 停止，中斷做某事後去做另一件事。
stop doing 停止做某事。
They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他們停下來，抽了根菸。
I must stop smoking. 我必須戒菸了。
典型例題
She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.
A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
答案：C。由題意可知，她到了山頂，停下來在一個路邊的大石頭上休息。因此，應選擇"stop to do sth. 停下來去做另一件事"。而不僅僅是爬山動作的終止，所以stop doing sth.不正確。
stop doing/to do
forget doing/to do
forget to do 忘記要去做某事。 (未做)
forget doing 忘記做過某事。 (已做)
The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off. 辦公室的燈還在亮著，它忘記關了。(沒有做關燈的動作)
He forgot turning the light off. 他忘記他已經關了燈了。( 已做過關燈的動作)
Don't forget to come tomorrow. 別忘了明天來。(to come動作未做)
典型例題
---- The light in the office is still on.
---- Oh, I forgot___.
A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
答案：C。由the light is still on 可知燈亮著，即關燈的動作沒有發生，因此用forget to do sth.
而forget doing sth表示燈已經關上了，而自己忘記了這一事實。此處不符合題意。
remember doing/to do
remember to do 記得去做某事 (未做)
remember doing 記得做過某事 (已做)
Remember to go to the post office after school. 記著放學後去趟郵局。
Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不記得以前見過那個人嗎?
regret doing/to do
regret to do 對要做的事遺憾。 (未做)
regret doing 對做過的事遺憾、後悔。 (已做)
I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實在沒有辦法。
I don't regret telling her what I thought. 我不為告訴她我的想法而後悔。
典型例題
---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
---Well, now I regret ___ that.
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
答案：D。regret having done sth. 對已發生的事感到遺憾。regret to do sth. 對將要做的事感到遺憾。本題為對已說的話感到後悔，因此選D。
cease doing/to do
cease to do 長時間，甚至永遠停做某事。
cease doing 短時停止做某事，以後還會接著做。
That department has ceased to exist forever. 那個部門已不復存在。
The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by. 姑娘們在老師走過時，停了會聊天。
try doing/to do
try to do 努力，企圖做某事。
try doing 試驗，試著做某事。
You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn't succeed. 我試著種果木花卉，但未成功。
go on doing/to do
go on to do 做了一件事後，接著做另一件事。
go on doing 繼續做原來做的事。
After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. 做完數學後，他接著去做物理。
Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完這個練習後，接著做其他的練習
be afraid doing/to do
be afraid to do 不敢，膽怯去做某事，是主觀上的原因不去做，意為"怕"；
be afraid of doing 擔心出現doing的狀況、結果。 doing 是客觀上造成的，意為"生怕，恐怕"。
She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake. 她生怕被蛇咬著，而不敢在草叢中再走一步。
She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
be interested doing/to do
interested to do 對做某事感興趣，想了解某事。
interested in doing 對某種想法感興趣，doing 通常為想法。
I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道發生了什麼事。 (想了解)
I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that? 我對在瑞士工作感興趣。你想過這事嗎? (一種想法)
mean to doing/to do
mean to do 打算、想
mean doing 意味著
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去，但是我父親不肯讓我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 贈加工資意味著增加購買力。
begin(start) doing/to do
begin / start to do sth
begin / start doing sth.
1) 談及一項長期活動或開始一種習慣時，使用doing.
How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你幾歲時開始彈鋼琴？
2) begin, start用進行時時，後面動詞用不定式to do
I was beginning to get angry. 我開始生起氣來。
3) 在attempt, intend, begin, start 後接know, understand, realize這類動詞時，常用不定式to do。
I begin to understand the truth. 我開始明白真相。
4) 物作主語時
It began to melt.
感官動詞 + doing/to do
感官動詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示動作的完整性，真實性；+doing 表示動作的連續性，進行性
I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看見他在花園裡幹活了。(強調"我看見了"這個事實)
I saw him working in the garden yesterday. (強調"我見他正幹活"這個動作)昨天我見他正在花園裡幹活。
典型例題
1) They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood.
A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow
答案：A. 因題意為，他們看著她長大，因此強調的是成長的過程，而非正在長的動作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。
2) The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
答案：A. 本題強調其動作，正在河邊玩，應此用see sb. doing sth句型。
第六章 倒裝結構
一 全部倒裝
全部倒裝是指將句子中的謂語動詞全部置於主語之前。此結構通常只用與一般現在時和一般過去時。常見的結構有：
1. here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置於句首, 謂語動詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。例如：
1) There goes the bell. 鈴聲漸漸消失了。
2) Then came the chairman. 然後主席就來了
3) Here is your letter. 這是你的信。
2. 表示運動方向的副詞或地點狀語置於句首，謂語表示運動的動詞。例如：
1) Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轟炸機下面發出了一顆導彈。
2) Ahead sat an old woman.
注意：上述全部倒裝的句型結構的主語必須是名詞，如果主語是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。例如：
1) Here he comes. 他來了。
2) Away they went. 他們走了。
二 部分倒裝
部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態倒裝至主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動詞或情態動詞，則需添加助動詞do, does或did，並將其置於主語之前。
1. 句首為否定或半否定的詞語，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。例如：
1) Never have I seen such a performance. 我從來沒看過這樣的表演。
2) Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 你在哪兒都不會找到這個問題的答案。
3) Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開房間。
注意：當Not until引出主從複合句，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。
注意： 如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。例如：
1) I have never seen such a performance.我從來沒看過這樣的表演。
2) The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.媽媽直到孩子睡著才離開房間。
2. 帶有否定意義的詞放在句首，語序需要部分倒裝。常見的詞語有： not , never , seldom , scarcely , barely , little , at no time , not only , not once , under on condition , hardly … when , no sooner …than …等。例如：
1) Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. 他不僅拒收了禮品，還狠狠批評了送禮的人。
2) Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她剛要出門時有個學生來找她。
3) No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 她剛要走時一個學生來看她。
注意：只有當Not only… but also連接兩個分句時，才在第一個分句用倒裝結構。如果置於句首的Not only… but also僅連接兩個並列詞語，不可用倒裝結構。例如：
Not only you but also I am fond of music. 我和你都喜歡音樂。
3. 表示"也"、"也不" 的so, neither, nor放在句首時，句子作部分倒裝。例如：
1) Tom can speak French. So can Jack. Tom能說法語，我也能。
2) If you won't go, neither will I. 如果你不去，我也不去。
注意： 當so引出的句子用以對上文內容加以證實或肯定時，不可用倒裝結構。意為"的確如此"。例如：
1) Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. Tom讓我去踢足球，我去了。
2) ---It's raining hard. ---So it is. ---雨下得很大。 ---的確很大。
4. only放在句首，強調狀語（副詞，介詞短語或狀語從句等），全句語序要部分倒裝。例如：
Only in this way, can you learn English well.你只有用這種方法才能學好英語。
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 他被請了三次才來開會。
注意：如果句子為主從複合句，則主句倒裝，從句不倒裝
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed. 他只有病得非常嚴重時才會臥床休息。
三 as, though 引導的倒裝句
as / though引導的讓步從句必須將表語或狀語提前 （形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實義動詞提前）。此時應注意：1) 句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞；2) 句首是實義動詞, 其他助動詞放在主語後。如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語,隨實義動詞一起放在主語之前。例如：
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 儘管他願意努力工作，但是他好像從來都不能令他的工作満意。
注意: 讓步狀語從句中，有though，although時，後面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可連用。
四 其他部分倒裝
1. so… that 句型中的so 位於句首時，需倒裝。例如：
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 他害怕得動都不敢動。
2. 在某些表示祝願的句型中，例如：
May you all be happy. 望大家開心愉快。
3. 在虛擬語氣條件句中從句謂語動詞有were, had, should等詞，可將if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主語之前，採取部分倒裝。例如：
Were I you, I would try it again. 如果我是你，我就再試一次。