1. 掌握主動關係用現在分詞，被動關係用過去分詞的基本原則。
① 分詞做定語時，看分詞同它所修飾的名詞或代詞的關係。分詞所修飾的名詞或代詞同分詞為主謂關係時，用現在分詞；分詞所修飾的名詞或代詞同分詞為動賓關係時，用過去分詞。
There are lots of good English language programs broadcast on TV or the radio in China.
過去分詞短語broadcast on TV or the radio in China 作定語修飾programs, broadcast 同它所修飾的名詞programs 具有動賓關係，即broadcast programs on TV or the radio…，因此必須用過去分詞。
Two days later I received a letter offering me the job.
現在分詞短語offering me the job是名詞letter的定語，offering同它所修飾的名詞letter具有邏輯上的主謂關係，如果將現在分詞短語轉換成定語從句，這種“主謂關係”則更為明確：Two days later I received a letter which offered me the job。
② 分詞做賓語補足語時，看分詞同賓語的關係。主謂關係用現在分詞；動賓關係用過去分詞。
You often see musicians performing in the streets.
賓語musicians和賓語補足語performing 具有邏輯上的主謂關係，musicians發出perform 的動作，賓語補足語必須用現在分詞。
Although we may not realize it, when we talk with others we make ourselves understood not just by words.
作賓語補足語的過去分詞understood同賓語ourselves 為動賓關係，即understand ourselves，此處的意思是“使我們自己被別人所理解”。
③ 分詞作狀語時，分詞的邏輯主語同句子的主語一致。據此，辨別現在分詞和過去分詞的區別要看分詞同句子主語的邏輯關係，主謂關係用現在分詞；動賓關係用過去分詞。
In Arab countries, you eat using the fingers of your right hand; the left hand is not used at all.
現在分詞短語 using the fingers of your right hand 作方式狀語修飾謂語動詞eat。之所以用現在分詞，是因為using 同句子的主語you 有邏輯上的主謂關係。換言之，句子的主語 you既發出謂語動作eat，又發出非謂語動詞using 所表示的動作。
Dr. Watson and I will spend the night locked in your room.
過去分詞短語locked in your room充當spend the night的方式狀語。lock 同句子的主語Dr. Watson and I的邏輯關係為動賓關係——“lock Dr. Watson and I in your room”。
分詞作狀語時同句子主語之間的邏輯關係較難理解，再看以下例句，注意分詞短語同句子主語之間的邏輯關係。
The poor of the cities and the peasants in the country, having lived such a hard life for so long, took up their guns and knives and began to kill the rich nobles.
Considering that Charles would be sentenced to death, he went to a chemist’s shop and bought some special medicine.
Given advice by the famous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid.
The lady returned home, followed by Mr. Holmes and Dr. Watson.
2. 分詞作表語時，區別現在分詞和過去分詞的兩種方法。
① 分詞作表語時，現在分詞表示主語的特徵；過去分詞表示主語所處的狀態。
The temperature is –15°C. It is freezing outside.
現在分詞freezing作表語，表示主語“天氣”的特徵。
Children are afraid of the stone figures in the temple which look so frightening.
which代表先行詞the stone figures 的含義，在定語從句中作主語。frightening是系動詞look的表語，表示主語the stone figures的形象特徵。
One quarter of the shores of the Mediterranean are polluted.
過去分詞polluted作表語，表示地中海沿岸的四分之一受汙染的狀況。
② surprise, excite, interest, frighten, worry, please, 等動詞具有共同的特點，他們的意思都是“使……（人）…怎麼樣”。這類動詞充當表語時區別現在分詞或過去分詞的方法比較簡單：如果主語是表示“人”的詞語，表語用過去分詞；主語是表示“事”或“物”的詞語，表語用現在分詞。
We were getting very worried.
“The lion! It must be the lion from the zoo!” Mrs. Cousins was frightened.
以上兩句的主語分別是 “we”和 “Mrs. Cousins”，表語用過去分詞worried 和frightened。
The news that the Chinese team won the gold medal was very encouraging.
主語是表示“事物”的詞語the news，表語用現在分詞encouraging。
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