做短文改錯題的時候，你會發現短文中出現的詞彙和語法都是最基礎的，那為什麼我們總找不出錯誤的地方呢？很大一部分原因是，我們對錯項的設置規律不瞭解，不清楚出題者的出題角度。
本文擬從語法和邏輯的角度，用口訣的形式，向同學們介紹高考英語短文改錯中最常見的幾類錯誤。
1 動詞形
主要包括兩類錯誤：動詞的時態和語態錯誤，以及主、謂不一致的錯誤。例如：
My favourite sport is football. I wasa member of our school football team. （am）
Now my picture and prize is hanging in the library. （are）
上述兩例分別屬於時態錯誤和主、謂不一致錯誤。找出此類錯誤的關鍵是樹立牢固的時態概念，注意短文內容發生或存在的時間，保持時間概念的一致性。
2 名詞數
指名詞單、複數形式的用法錯誤。常表現為將名詞複數寫成單數。例如：
…so that I’ll get good marks in all my subject. （subjects）
3 區分形容詞和副詞
區分形容詞和副詞在句子中的作用和具體用法。這也是高考短文改錯的常考點。例如：
I’m sure we’ll have a wonderfullytime together. （wonderful）
Unfortunate, there are too many people in my family. （Unfortunately）
需要注意的是，形容詞多用來做定、表、補語等，而副詞只能在句子中作狀語，修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子。第一例中的wonderful作定語修飾time，第二句的Unfortunately作狀語修飾整個句子。
4 非謂動詞細辨別
這是考查最多的錯誤形式之一。主要有分詞和動名詞類錯誤，也包括不定式類錯誤。例如：
…in my spare time, but now I am interestingin football. （interested）
Playfootball not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also … （playing）
My parents love me… and will do all they can ∧ make sure… （to）
上述二、三例分別是動名詞作主語，和不定式作目的狀語。一般的，現在分詞有主動和進行的含義，而過去分詞具有被動態和完成時的含義，不定式有將來的含義。
5 習慣用法要記住
主要考查習慣搭配方面的基礎知識。這也是歷年高考的常考點，其錯誤表現形式主要有三種：多詞、少詞和搭配錯誤。例如：
It was very kind forthem to meet me at the railway station and… （of）
We must keep in mind that we play for the team instead ∧ ourselves. （of）
6 句子成分多分析
不同的句子成分要用不同的詞類；不同的語景要選擇不同的詞語。這些都有待我們對句子結構和句子成分作細緻的分析，才能找出用詞不當的錯誤。例如：
They ∧ eager to know everything about China and…（were）
I live in Beijing,whereis the capital of China. （which）
第一例漏掉了謂語動詞were，這是受漢語習慣的影響而導致的錯誤；第二例則是詞類與它在句子中的成分不相符，where是副詞，不能作主語。
7 邏輯錯誤須關注
與句子的上、下文不一致，甚至相矛盾，屬於邏輯性錯誤。如稱謂上的張冠李戴，人名、地名、時間、方位等方面的錯誤，常是這類錯誤的考查對象。例如：
The Smiths did hisbest to make me feel at home. （their）
First, let me tell you something moreabout myself. （去掉more）
… no way of setting the matter except by selling the set. Now someoneat home reads instead. （everyone）
上述第一例中的主語是Smiths（史密斯夫婦倆），因此後面的his不合邏輯。第二例中的more在這兒表“再”的意思，才開始告訴別人，怎麼能說“再告訴你一些事”？第三例講的是為了解決看電視時的爭端，“我們”把電視機賣了；晚上沒電視看了，所以與從前一樣，大家又都讀書了，所以該用 everyone。
除了上述錯誤類型外，常考的錯誤形式還有：連詞but, and, or和so的用法錯誤（可以歸類為邏輯錯誤），以及冠詞的用法錯誤等。例如：
She was smiling butnodding at me. （and）
It looks as if my parents treat me as a visitor anda guest. （or）
We may be one family and live under asame roof.（the）
下面是全國高考英語真題中的短文改錯題。這道題較全面地反映了本文的口訣。現在試著做一做，然後參考閱題後的答案與解析。
Last week my parents and I took a two-day trip to Emei Mountain in Sichuan. As everyone knows，it’s famous mountain with all kinds of plants and animals. The weather is fine. It was about noon we arrived at the foot of the mountain，the three of them were very excited. As we climbed the mountain，we saw monkeys，visiting temples and told stories. On the way up I was busy taking picture since the scenery was so beautiful. The time passes quickly. Evening came down. We spent the night in a hotel at the top of the mountain. The food was expensive and the service was good. I was so tired that I fell asleep at the moment my head touched the pillow.
【答案】
Last week my parents and I took a two-day trip to Emei Mountain in Sichuan. As everyone knows，it’s ∧(a)famous mountain with all kinds of plants and animals. The weatheris(was) fine. It was about noon ∧(when)we arrived at the foot of the mountain，the three of them(us)were very excited. As we climbed the mountain，we saw monkeys，visiting(visited) temples and told stories. On the way up I was busy takingpicture(pictures)since the scenery was so beautiful. The time passes(passed) quickly. Evening came down. We spent the night in a hotel at the top of the mountain. The food was expensive and(but) the service was good. I was so tired that I fell asleep atthe moment my head touched the pillow.
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