託福閱讀：事實信息解析
事實信息題屬於託福閱讀中較為常見的題目類型。需要考生根據文中明確出現的事實、細節等信息通過排除干擾答案選擇與原文表述相符的正確選項。事實信息題是託福官方指南中介紹的第一種題目類型，因此也是最具有代表性、最能反應託福閱讀考查本質的題目。這種題型考察的是考生提取、篩選信息的實際應用能力。那麼，什麼是事實信息題呢? 首先要了解它的問法。
一：提問方式
1. According to paragraph 3 ,Xhas which of the following consequences for Y?
2. According to paragraph 1,which of the following is true of X of Y?
3. According to paragraph 2,which of the following led to the appearance of X?
4. According to the passage,what is true of ____?
5. Paragraph 2 supports whichof the following ideas about X?
6. According to thepassage,X________?
根據題目問法，我們將事實信息題分為兩類。對於前三種問法，屬於第一種題目，即題幹中包含能有效定位的細節信息，解法如下。
二、解題步驟(題幹種包含有效定位的細節信息)
• 閱讀題幹，在題幹中找 key words .
• 利用 key words 回原文中定位 key sentence.
• 回選項中找 key sentence 的同意轉述句即為答案。
※要注意的是正確答案的大多是文章中的某一句或兩句話的同意轉述，即定位是關鍵。
三、例題解析
TPO2-2 Paragraph 3: Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, thereduction of vegetation typicallyresults in the loss of the soil's ability toabsorb substantial quantities of water. The impact ofraindrops on the loosesoil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces,sealingthem and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration.Water absorption isgreatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased,resulting in accelerated erosion rates. Thegradual drying of the soil causedby its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss ofvegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration isestablished.
2. According to paragraph 3, the loss of natural vegetation has which ofthe following consequences for soil?
A. Increased stony content
B. Reduced water absorption
C. Increased numbers of spaces in the soil
D. Reduced water runoff
解析：首先，判斷題幹種包含有效定位細節信息，因此選取關鍵詞 the loss of naturalvegetation
回原文定位。得到關鍵句為“Even in the areas that retain asoil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of thesoil’s ability to absorb substantial quantities of water. ”句中的 the reduction of vegetation 即為關鍵詞的同意轉述。然後，翻譯關鍵句：即使在有土壤覆蓋的區域，植被的減少仍導致了土壤吸水能力的降低。再結合題幹：植被的減少對土壤由什麼樣的後果?所以，B 選項正確。其中 Reducedwater absorption 是 loss of the soil’s ability to absorbsubstantial quantities of water 的同義改寫。
這種事實信息題考查我們在文章中定位需要的某個信息的能力。主要考察定位能力，考生能否在長篇段落中快速的找到自己需要的關鍵信息。以及對句子的基本分析，在選項中找到原文的同意轉述。然後我們再來看針對後面三種問法，(當然還有很多其他方式，不止這三種)也就是第二種題目的解法，當題幹中缺少能有效定位的細節信息時如何解題。
四、解題步驟(題幹中缺少能有效定位的細節信息)
• 閱讀題幹，明確題幹，屬於難定位題目。
• 閱讀原文段落，把握段落結構和內容。
• 根據原文，對於選項信息進行比對，排除錯誤選項，篩選出正確答案。
※重點注意段落中心句以及段落內轉折、因果、比較等邏輯部分，即作者強調部分是易出題點。
五、例題解析
TPO4-1 Paragraph 4: Reduction in numbers of game should have boded illfor their survival in later times. A worsening of the plight of deer was to beexpected as settlers encroached on the land,logging, burning, and clearing,eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities,towns, andfactories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further. Recall the fateof the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status. But for theblack-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect. Wildlifezoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes inWashington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, thestate has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winterpopulation
fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-taileddeer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for anindefinite period."
9. Which of the following statements about deer populations is supportedby the information in
paragraph 4?
A. Deer populations reached their highest point during the 1940s and thenbegan to decline.
B. The activities of settlers contributed in unexpected ways to thegrowth of some deer
populations in later times.
C. The cleaning of wilderness land for construction caused biotic changesfrom which the
black-tailed deer population has never recovered.
D. Since the 1940s the winter populations of deer have fluctuated morethan the summer populations have.
解析：首先，閱讀題幹， 關鍵詞 deer population 屬於文章 topic，無法在原文中有效的定位。
因此需要閱讀原文段落，把握段落結構和內容。重點注意段落中心句以及段落內轉折、因果、比較等邏輯部分。本段句子解析如下(符號標註見文尾)：
根據原文，對於選項信息進行比對，排除錯誤選項，篩選出正確答案為 B,The activities
ofsettlers contributed in unexpected ways to the growth of some deer populationsin later times.
人類活動對陸群數量的影響是難以預料的，原文先陳述人類活動使陸群數量降低並舉例進行支持;後續內容中轉折 but 出現，表示下文與前文內容是形成轉折關係的，即對於 black-tailed deer 人類活動起了反作用。因此 B 選項為原文概括總結型同意轉述。
對於難定位的事實信息題，考生重點注意段落中心句以及段落內轉折、因果、比較等邏輯部分。事實上，段落的分析對於否定事實信息題，句子插入題，推斷題，修辭目的題，以及文章內容小結題等都是有重要作用的，也是考生平時做題訓練中需要著重聯繫的部分。