人性化設計：車輛智能自動化背景下的未來城市規劃
People-Driven Design: Planning for the Urban Future of Autonomous Vehicles
預計在2020年左右，北美的高速公路和城市街道上會出現大量具有自動駕駛能力的汽車。根據RethinkX研究報告“2020-2030年交通運輸規劃探討：交通運輸業的萎靡和傳統機動車和石油行業的崩潰”，到2030年，95%的美國旅客將選擇可提供交通服務（TAAS）的公司擁有的自動駕駛車輛（AVS）作為主要出行方式。對來自不同行業的人來說，不管是現在還買不起汽車的人，還是數百萬每天疲於奔命的上班族，這種無人駕駛汽車的採用將對他們的生活方式產生巨大的影響。
正如一個世紀前，小汽車的發明問世對社會產生了翻天覆地的影響，如今自動駕駛的汽車將作為我們主要的交通方式，同樣會將人們生活引導向另一個方向。為了確保城市體驗向正確的方向提升，城市及其私營部門合作伙伴需要對這個新格局做出相應的規劃與引導。
停車話題的思考
隨著私家車車主的角色逐漸轉變為智能房車車隊的定期服務對象，現狀的停車用地則可轉換為其他用途。McKinsey & Company的一份報告預測，到2050年，無人駕駛汽車將為美國節約近610億平方英尺（57億平方米）的停車用地，這個面積甚至超過整個特拉華州的面積。
現在的舊金山中央商務區有301英畝（122公頃）的土地用於露天停車。自動駕駛汽車因為沒有擺動的車門，所以它比傳統的汽車窄，並且由超精確的導航技術引導，所以停車只需要4英寸（10釐米）的邊側距離。這樣一來，自主停車場的空間緊湊度可以提升15%，節約下來的69英畝（30公頃）的寶貴土地能夠用於建設公園、社區花園，或建築物。城市交通擁堵的問題也將得到緩解，城市街道上尋找停車位的司機將大大減少。同樣，將自動駕駛汽車廣泛應用到郊區辦公園區內的所有停車場中，通勤效率與土地使用率都能得到很大的提升。
地上獨立式停車場的傳統停車模式是我們日常所見。不管是市中心還是郊區，醫院、機場、大學、購物中心和體育場附近大多是這樣的停車場。但是今天正在規劃的項目的開發商有理由重新審視這些車庫的投資建設。隨著越來越多的人通過預約車輛的方式出行，傳統的大型固定停車位的需求會逐步減弱。
By the early 2020s, a significant number of cars with self-driving capabilities could be on North America’s freeways and city streets. Fast-forward to 2030 and 95 percent of U.S. passenger miles traveled could be served by autonomous vehicles (AVs) owned by companies providing transportation as a service (TaaS), according to the RethinkX research report Rethinking Transportation 2020–2030: The Disruption of Transportation and the Collapse of the ICE Vehicle and Oil Industries. This adoption of driverless cars will be life-altering for people from all walks of life—from those who currently cannot afford to own a car to millions of frazzled daily commuters.
Just as a century ago, when the arrival of the personal automobile fundamentally changed our society, the advent of AVs as our main mode of transportation will trigger another shift in people’s lives. To ensure that the changes will enhance the urban experience, cities and their private sector partners need to start planning for this new world.
Rethinking Parking
As car ownership evolves to a subscription service with intelligent fleets of AVs, land currently used for parking will become available for conversion to other uses. A McKinsey & Company report predicts that by the middle of the century, driverless cars will cut the need for parking in the United States by more than 61 billion square feet (5.7 billion sq m)—more than the entire state of Delaware.
Today, San Francisco’s central business district has 301 acres (122 ha) devoted to surface parking lots. AVs are narrower than conventional cars and, because they don’t have swinging doors and are guided by ultra-precise navigation technology, need as little as four inches (10 cm) on either side to park. Spaces in a self-parking AV lot could be 15 percent tighter, reclaiming 69 acres (30 ha) of valuable land in San Francisco for parks, community gardens, or buildings. This would also ease urban congestion, since a large portion of vehicles on city streets are drivers looking for parking. Likewise, dedicating entire parking lots at suburban office campuses to AVs would increase vehicle capacity while freeing up land for new development.
Think about the ubiquitous above-grade, freestanding parking garage. You see it in the suburbs and downtown, alongside your hospital, airport, university, shopping mall, and stadium. But developers of projects being planned today justifiably see these garages as dubious investments. As more people are driven to these places and events through subscription services like Uber or Lyft, managing the momentary but high-volume interactions and complex synchronizations at elongated curb spaces takes priority over the short-term storage of private vehicles at 180 square feet (16.7 sq m) per parking space.
為了2030年及以後的發展做好準備，設計師們將停車庫定義為多功能建築，隨著私人車輛（以及相關停車收入）的減少，這些停車設施將用於商業活動或住宅。
設計適應性停車庫需要現場規劃師、建築師、工程師和室內設計師共同合作，對項目進行綜合設計，包括從選擇合適的場地到可拆卸的建築外殼設計等工作。其他考慮因素包括優化結構剛度、適應現有要求以及提供高效的MEP系統，這些可持續理念下的系統能夠使適應性停車庫變得更加智能，用途也更加靈活。
考慮到這一系列的改建提升工作很可能造成預算超支，業主可以不用拆除車庫，這樣也不用進行後續對規章制度核查等冗雜的流程。
To prepare for 2030 and beyond, designers are envisioning parking garages as universal structures that, as personal vehicles (and the associated parking revenue) go away, can easily adapt to future commercial or residential uses on the same footprint.
Designing adaptive parking garages requires the input of site planners, architects, engineers, and interior designers, who must collaborate on an integrated design that encompasses everything from selecting the right site to designing a removable building enclosure. Other considerations include optimal structural rigidity, accommodating exiting requirements, and providing efficient MEP systems that will contribute to efforts to achieve carbon neutrality in future uses. Through this multidisciplinary collaboration, these garages can be designed as responsive facilities, ready to be converted into an office space, a hotel, shops, residences, or even a vertical farm.
Though incorporating flexibility for future conversion requires an upfront cost premium, this pre-investment will more than pay for itself. And down the line, it will allow an owner to avoid the need to tear down a garage and then navigate through a lengthy public planning process and the associated environmental impact report.
活力的街道
自動駕駛汽車對城市環境的影響遠不止於停車庫。城市街道、肌理以及不同團體的文化跨界交流都將得到很大的提升。
自動駕駛汽車的應用能夠改變街道尺度、路牙高度以及邊側道路空間的高度，當然，其影響力遠不止這些。美國有412萬英里（663萬公里）的公路，其中一些穿過了美國高價值的城市房地產區域，這些都是極具潛力的用地。自動駕駛汽車利用“物聯網”與周邊基礎設施相連，這些用地的價值能夠通過綜合性街道得到更大的體現。
街道不應該只是單一的通行場所，通過把行人、騎行者和房車整合到完全不同的環境中，街道也能發揮促進健康、人居福利、提升文化和商業的影響。通過把建築內部30英尺（9.1米）的空間開放到街道，延伸成為充滿活動的室內外公共領域，街道將成為具有活力的生活空間。
這些新一代街道將以“自然第一”的理念設計，為具有滲透和清潔雨水功能的滲透性表面和生態種植槽提供更多的區域。大面積的綠色空間將帶來新鮮的空氣、舒適的環境，以及更多地彰顯當地文化的公共空間，同時塑造安靜的交談環境。貼近人們生活的街道有著適合步行者、跑步者和騎行者的活力環境。街道也有著容納工作場所會議、創新零售業態和餐廳室外就餐區的功能。
隨著人們的日常活動場地逐漸融入綜合性街道中，汽車停車位和機動車道得被逐步取代，規劃者似乎有了更多的施展空間，密集、步行的城市，擁有充滿活力的混合使用區，這些具有吸引力的地方足以滿足各個年齡層人群的需求。
Living Streets
The impact of AVs on the built environment extends far beyond parking garages. Imagine a world in which land reclaimed from today’s streets actually contributes to a community’s broader culture and social fabric.
The arrival of self-driving cars brings opportunities to do much more than simply compress the size of streets, tweak curb heights, and regain a few feet of sidewalk space on each side. The 4.12 million miles (6.63 million km) of roadways in the United States, some of which pass through the country’s highest-value urban real estate, serve as an unparalleled land bank. As AVs leverage the “internet of things” to connect with the surrounding infrastructure, municipalities will be able to create truly universal streets.
Instead of approaching streets as places used almost exclusively for linear passage, planners will integrate pedestrians, cyclists, and AVs in radically different environments that promote health, well-being, culture, and commerce. These living streets of the future will become places that respond to adjacent development and that transform the first 30 feet (9.1 m) of space extending from buildings into an activity-filled, indoor/outdoor public realm.
Designed with “nature first” concepts, these next-generation streets will offer more area for permeable surfaces and bioswales to infiltrate and clean stormwater. The robust green space and tree canopy will offer fresher air, thermal comfort, and more room to express local culture while providing quieter, conversational environments. Living streets will be active environments that cater to walkers, runners, and cyclists. The streets will create outdoor areas for workplace meetings, new retail concepts, and expanded outdoor restaurant seating.
As these integrated streets become dynamic spaces for human activity and take the place of parked cars and vehicle lanes, planners will be better equipped to create dense, walkable cities with vibrant mixed-use districts—places that truly appeal to people of all ages.
人性化設計
負擔得起的交通，包括基於自動駕駛汽車系統的共享貨車和公共汽車體系，將為人們打開通往美好生活的另一扇門，不同的基礎設施建設的質量也都能相應提高。
自動駕駛汽車體系支持的以人為本的設計理念將是一個良好的開端，人們的日常生活質量能得到提高，同時房地產開發商也將收穫大量機會去開拓新市場。
共享道路
與自動駕駛汽車體系相關的技術和安全條例也在不斷髮展。如今機動車與行人之間的衝突日益凸顯，政府的交通管理部門以及類似組織和機構則開始對相關條例進行補充修正，這些條款也將更好地引導設計師去設計新的出行工具。
沁足計劃
隨著技術的發展以及人們對於機動車的依賴性逐步降低，自動駕駛汽車將為社會的各個方向以及產業帶來不同的機遇，城市發展方向也將受此影響，向積極方向加速前進。
目前，規劃者仍需政府相關部門協商制定條款與方針，以促進創建適應性停車設施和綜合性街道。規劃師希望利用自動駕駛汽車的廣泛使用，幫助城市更好地解決社會未來的挑戰，比如城市發展彈性、社會公平、城市通達性和公共衛生等話題。他們正在考慮如何將自動駕駛系統與現有公共交通系統融合，更大範圍地發展整個交通系統。同時，業主們也在增加自動駕駛車輛的臨時停靠點。
HOK規劃工作室已經對一些項目進行了研究，包括街道展示館、大學校園、購物中心、大型體育和娛樂場所，這些元素與自動駕駛車輛專用的環路或連接附近公交線路的規劃路徑有很大的交流。自動駕駛車輛專用的環路還可以將居住區、城市中心和交通換乘節點聯繫起來，從另一個方面降低了人們對於停車庫的需求，併為老年人提供了很大的便捷性，他們可以通過自動駕駛車輛到達雜貨店、藥店、健身房和咖啡館。
在沿海城市，如西雅圖，與輪渡碼頭交通系統連接的無人駕駛汽車線路可以減少碼頭基礎設施和停車場的影響。這將促進該區域更密集地發展，集中人員和服務確保該區域以可持續的方式發展。
隨著我們在未來的幾年和幾十年裡對這些沁足項目做出的努力，規劃者將有更大的空間去重新定義公共空間，增加房地產資產的價值，同時還能創造更健康、更公平的社區環境。
People-Driven Design
Affordable transportation, including van-sharing and driverless buses made possible through AVs, will open a new world of access—the fundamental decision maker for humans—to better jobs, health care, clean food, affordable housing, and high-quality schools for underserved segments of the population.
The people-first design approach enabled by AVs will be an open invitation for happier, healthier, and safer lives. By focusing on quality of life, planners can actively encourage positive health behaviors by improving the physical spaces that shape people’s routine choices, decisions, and actions. This also will create opportunities for real estate developers to tap into new markets made up of people seeking live/work/play environments.
Sharing the Road
The technology and safety considerations associated with AVs are constantly evolving. The age-old conflict between vehicles, cyclists, and pedestrians is growing in importance, with the advent of autonomous vehicles triggering a widespread revisit to many long-established safety standards that the U.S. Department of Transportation, NATCO, and similar organizations and agencies use as a basis to formulate vehicle design, driving control, and street design standards. The technology progression will be informed by the capabilities and limits of the rapidly evolving sensing technologies used by AVs.
Toes-in-the-Water Projects
As technology evolves and the move away from an auto-centric lifestyle emerges, AVs will provide unprecedented opportunities to reshape the built environment. Progressive developers, investors, municipalities, and transportation officials already anticipating this coming transformation are beginning to work with planners to future-proof projects and visualize how cities, towns, and suburbs previously planned to accommodate vehicles first can be redesigned for people.
For now, planners still need to work with state and federal agencies to develop new policies, zoning codes, and design standards that facilitate the creation of adaptive parking structures and universal streets. But there are many incremental land use changes that can start immediately. Planners are leaning into the rise of AVs by orchestrating the coming disruption to best assist in solving our most complex planning challenges: resilience, social equity, access, and public health. They are considering how to integrate AVs with existing public transit to broaden access to the system. And property owners are adding pick-up and drop-off lanes and adjusting on-site traffic flows for AVs.
HOK’s planning studio has developed research studies of projects including subdistrict showcases, university campuses, shopping centers, and large sporting and entertainment venues supported by AV loops or planned pathways that link to nearby transit connections. AV loops also can link single-family and low-density housing to transit-oriented developments and urban centers, potentially eliminating the need for park-and-ride garages and extending living-in-place options for an aging population with driverless transport to grocery stores, pharmacies, gyms, and cafés.
In coastal or seaport cities like Seattle, operating an AV fleet connected to ferry terminals could minimize the impact on terminal infrastructure and parking. This would allow for dense, highly compact development that concentrates people and services to limit sprawl in an ecologically responsible manner.
As we advance beyond these “toes in the water” projects over the years and decades to come, planners will have abundant opportunities to reclaim the public realm for a greater purpose—increasing the value of real estate assets while creating healthier, more equitable communities.
由專築網pilewyj，李韌編譯
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